野生垂穗披碱草种质资源UV-B抗性综合评价

为探究垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)抗UV-B辐射能力强弱,筛选出优异种质材料,本研究以9份来自我国不同地区的野生垂穗披碱草为对象,研究其苗期UV-B辐射下的生长特性与生理特性,对其抗UV-B辐射能力进行综合评价。结果表明：随着UV-B辐射程度的加剧,9份材料的生长特性与生理特性均不同程度地受到影响。可将9份材料分为强、中、弱抗UV-B辐射材料。强抗材料为QH009,该材料受UV-B辐射影响最小,叶片受损程度最低,相对含水量下降幅度最小,细胞膜系统指标上升幅度最小,渗透调节物质积累最多,抗氧化系统酶活性显著高于其余材料(P<0.05),次生代谢物积累最多,光合系统指标下降幅度最小,可作为垂穗披碱草新品种选育与利用的基础材料。     

Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, leaf nitrogen content and morphological characteristics of Spiraea pubescens in a warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest

Spiraea pubescens, a common shrub in the warm-temperate deciduous forest zone which is distributed in the Dongling Mountain area of Beijing, was exposed to ambient and enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280–320 nm) radiation by artificially supplying a daily dose of 9.4 kJ/m² for three growing seasons, a level that simulated a 17% depletion in stratospheric ozone. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of long-term UV-B enhancement on stomatal conductance, leaf tissue δ ¹³C, leaf water content, and leaf area. Particular attention was paid to the effects of UV-B radiation on water use efficiency (WUE) and leaf total nitrogen content. Enhanced UV-B radiation significantly reduced leaf area (50.1%) but increased leaf total nitrogen content (102%). These changes were associated with a decrease in stomatal conductance (16.1%) and intercellular CO₂ concentration/ air CO₂ concentration (C _i /C _a) (4.0%), and an increase in leaf tissue δ ¹³C (20.5‰), leaf water content (3.1%), specific leaf weight (SLW) (5.2%) and WUE (4.1%). The effects of UV-B on the plant were greatly affected by the water content of the deep soil (30–40 cm). During the dry season, differences in the stomatal conductance, δ ¹³C, and WUE between the control and UV-B treated shrubs were very small; whereas, differences became much greater when soil water stress disappeared. Furthermore, the effects of UV-B became much less significant as the treatment period progressed over the three growing seasons. Correlation analysis showed that enhanced UV-B radiation decreased the strength of the correlation between soil water content and leaf water content, δ ¹³C, C _i/C _a, stomatal conductance, with the exception of WUE that had a significant correlation coefficient with soil water content. These results suggest that WUE would become more sensitive to soil water variation due to UV-B radiation. Based on this experiment, it was found that enhanced UV-B radiation had much more significant effects on morphological traits and growth of S. pubescens than hydro-physiological characteristics. __________ Translated from Journal of Plant Ecology, 2006, 30(1): 47–56 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

UV-B辐射对黄化番茄幼苗生长及光合作用的影响

以黄化番茄和普通番茄幼苗为试材,研究UV-B辐射对番茄幼苗生长和光合作用的影响.结果表明:UVB辐射处理对番茄幼苗株高、茎粗、叶片的抑制作用非常明显,且对叶绿素破坏严重,导致幼苗光合速率降低,类黄酮含量升高10%以上.UV-B处理后两种番茄生长都受到明显抑制,但以黄化苗的变化更为明显,表明黄化番茄幼苗对UV-B辐射更为敏感.     

The combined effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and selenium on growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and ultrastructure in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) treated in the field

The possible ameliorative effects of selenium (Se) addition to soil on the detrimental effects of enhanced UV-B radiation were tested on strawberry and barley during 4 months of field experiment in Kuopio, Central Finland. Control plants were exposed to ambient levels of UV radiation, using arrays of unenergized lamps. A control for UV-A radiation was also included in the experiment. Added Se, applied as H₂SeO₄, at the level of 0.1 mg kg⁻¹ soil (low dosage) and 1 mg kg⁻¹ soil (high dosage) increased Se concentrations in plants more than 10 and 100 times, respectively. After 4 months of exposure, strawberry and barley plants were harvested for biomass analysis. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured using the Hansatech FMS2 fluorescence monitoring system. Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure were observed by light and transmission electron microscope. Several effects of UV and Se as well as their interaction were found, mostly for strawberry, but not for barley, indicating species-specific responses. Our results provided evidence that the high Se concentration in soil had no ameliorative effect but increased the sensitivity of strawberry to enhanced UV-B radiation in the field. Under ambient radiation, Se did not alter leaf growth of strawberry, whereas under UV-B radiation, the high Se addition significantly decreased leaf growth. Strawberry runner biomass was affected by the interaction of Se and UV. Under ambient radiation Se did not change dry weight of runners, but in combination with UV-A or UV-B radiation the high Se dosage decreased dry weight of runners by about 30%. Although the high Se concentration positively influenced on quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) in strawberry leaves, it reduced runner biomass, leaf number and ratio of starch to chloroplast area. This suggests that the harmful effects of the high Se dosage on photosynthetic processes occurred as a result of changes in activity or/and biosynthesis of enzymes, rather than alteration of PSII. At the low concentration, Se effects were slight and variable.Although barley leaves accumulated higher Se concentrations than strawberry, there were no apparent changes in their growth, biomass or chlorophyll fluorescence due to Se effect either alone or in combination with UV-B. However, at the ultrastructural level, an enlargement in the peroxisome area was found due to combination of UV radiation with Se, suggesting the activation of antioxidative enzymes, possibly catalase. Decrease in mitochondrial density in barley cells in response to Se might be attributed to alteration of mitochondrial division. Increase in the proportion of cells with cytoplasmic lipid bodies due to combined effect of UV-B and Se indicated the alteration of lipid metabolism and the acceleration of cell senescence in barley. Main UV-B effects were found, mostly at the tissue and ultrastructural level in strawberry, but not in barley, indicating species-specific susceptibility to enhanced UV-B radiation. UV-B-treated strawberry plants developed marginally thinner leaves with reduced ratio of starch to chloroplast area in their cells, suggesting negative influence of UV-B on photosynthetic processes.     

野外连续两年增强UV-B辐射对8个割手密无性系叶片MDA含量的影响*

 研究了大田栽培和自然光条件下，连续两年模拟UV-B辐射（280～315 nm，5.00 kJ/m²）增强对8个割手密无性系叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响。UV-B辐射对割手密叶片MDA含量有显著的影响，8个割手密无性系叶片MDA含量对增强UV-B辐射存在种内差异。5个无性系叶片MDA含量有明显增加的趋势，分别为I91-97，I91-38，Ⅱ91-116，93-25，90-22；1个无性系MDA含量变化不明显（Ⅱ91-93），2个无性系MDA含量有降低的趋势，分别为Ⅱ91-98，92-11。UV-B辐射对割手密叶片MDA含量的影响具有年际间差异。UV-B辐射对割手密叶片MDA含量的影响存在生育期之间的差异，为伸长期>成熟期>分蘖期。     

连续3年UV-B辐射对33个割手密无性系成熟期锤度的影响

在大田栽培和自然光条件下，研究了连续3年模拟紫外辐射（UV-B，280～315nm）增加对33个割手密无性系成熟期锤度的影响。结果表明：（1）UV-B辐射对割手密无性系锤度具有明显的影响;（2）33个割手密无性系锤度对UV-B辐射响应具有明显的差异，在2003年、2004年和2005年，锤度响应范围分别为-27.86%～69.90%、-28.88%～34.58%和-18.90%～26.21%;（3）割手密无性系锤度对UV-B辐射响应具有明显的年际间差异，从选择的10个无性系来看，从2003年、2004年到2005年，6个无性系锤度变化率增加，4个无性系锤度变化率下降。     

Ce对UV—B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗光合作用影响：I对光合色素与希尔反应活性的影响

用水培法研究Ce(Ⅲ)对紫外辐射(UV-B,280￣320nm)胁迫下油菜幼苗光合色素含量与希尔反应活性变化对光合作用的影响。静态数据表明,20mg·L-1CeCl3能有效减缓紫外辐射(T1/0.15W·m-2和T2/0.45W·m-2)胁迫所导致的光合速率下降,叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量减少及Hill反应活性降低,使得Ce+UV-B组各项指标虽低于CK,但明显优于UV-B组。动态曲线显示,Ce减缓了UV-B胁迫期各项指标的下降趋势,加快恢复期的上升速度,且最终达到较好的恢复效果。通过对Chl含量、Hill反应活性与Pn的相关统计学分析发现,Ce对UV-B辐射胁迫下Hill反应活性和叶绿素含量的调节具有改善光合功能的作用,且对Hill反应活性的调节作用大于叶绿素含量。     

增强UV-B条件下类黄酮与苦荞逆境伤害和抗氧化酶的关系

经增强UV-B处理后,苦荞水培苗表现出胁迫效应,其相对电导率和MDA含量提高,而叶绿素含量和光合速率下降。增强UV-B处理诱导叶片类黄酮含量提高,但高幅照度和长时间UV-B处理则使后期类黄酮含量下降。叶片类黄酮含量与UV-B逆境伤害程度和抗氧化酶活性相关,外施类黄酮物质芦丁可以降低MDA含量和维持SOD活性在较高水平。     

UV-B辐射增强对水稻产量及品质的影响

研究盆栽条件下,以2个粳稻品种沈农265和沈农606为试材,UV-B辐射对水稻产量及其品质的影响.试验设3个处理,分别为自然光及紫外辐射增强5%、10%.结果表明UV-B,辐射使作物的株有效穗数、穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重下降,最终导致产量下降;籽粒的加工品质、外观品质和蒸煮食味品质都随辐射的增加而下降.     

UV-B辐射对云南报春花叶绿素含量变化的影响

通过对布置于云南省普洱、勐腊、华坪、丽江和昆明5地区的报春花叶绿素含量进行研究,分析了低纬高原地区UV-B辐射对报春花叶绿素含量变化的影响。研究表明,云南报春花chla与chlb含量的时空变化趋势总体上是一致的。叶绿素总量与chla含量在时空变化上具有正相关关系,其中chla对UV-B最敏感、chlb次之、类胡萝卜素最小。UV-B辐射强度与叶绿素总量的关系大体上呈负相关关系,但华坪、丽江、勐腊三地有部分例外。除不同地区的纬度、海拔有别外,由于该研究在室外进行,报春花生长中所受到的影响也是多种多样的。