铝胁迫下外源有机酸对油菜根系分泌物特性的影响

采用水培法,以耐铝型油菜品种核杂7号和铝敏感型油菜品种中农油6号为试验材料,研究外源有机酸(柠檬酸、苹果酸)对铝胁迫下油菜根系分泌物的影响.结果表明,耐铝型和铝敏感型两种油菜中,在20μmol/L外源有机酸处理下,苹果酸和柠檬酸对铝毒均有一定的缓解效果,但都不能完全消除铝对油菜生长的抑制作用.采用模糊隶属函数法对根系分泌物中氨基酸、柠檬酸等7个生理指标进行分析,并就柠檬酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸和苹果酸对缓解油菜铝胁迫的能力进行综合评价,发现在两种油菜中,有机酸表现出一致的缓解效果:苹果酸的缓解效果最好,其次是苹果酸+柠檬酸,缓解效果最弱的是柠檬酸.此外,外源有机酸对耐铝型油菜品种缓解铝毒的效果比铝敏感型油菜品种更好.     

Precipitation as the most affecting factor on soil–plant environment conditions affects the mycorrhizal spore numbers in three different ecological zones in Turkey

Mycorrhizal symbiosis is the one of the most important relationship between microbiota and plants to sustain plant nutrition in relatively unfavourable conditions. Somehow this relation is threatened by time, therefore, definition of the factors effecting mycorrhizal symbiosis has become essential. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in specific mycorrhizal parameters such as sporulation and soil–plant environment conditions in three different regions of Turkey. During 1996?2002, 53 soil series were selected from natural and agricultural plant communities in three different agro-ecological zones of Turkey: Central Anatolia (CA), the Southeastern Anatolian (SA) project area and the Coast of Mediterranean (CM). The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), spore numbers and mycorrhizal root colonization were related to the annual average precipitation, soil characteristics and host plant identity.

In the CM zone (average annual precipitation of 650?mm), soils found under natural vegetation contained a maximum value of 108?spores?g^?1, with bare soils containing a minimum number of 0.1?spores?g^?1. In the CA zone (330?mm annual average precipitation), the maximum number of spores in the soil samples was 46.5?spores?g^?1 with a minimum of 6.8?spores?g^?1 and in the SA soil samples (380?mm annual average precipitation), a maximum of 48.4?spores?g^?1 and a minimum of 14.2?spores?g^?1 were recorded. The overall mean number of mycorrhizal spores g^?1 soil was 15.5?±?14.4, 22.2?±?8.6 and 27.9?±?25.4 for the CA, SA and CM zones, respectively. Mean spore numbers differed in only two of the three zones, with the third zone being intermediate. Precipitation was the most affecting factor on the sporulation of AMF. Also host plant species and certain soil parameters, such as positive correlations with CaCO₃ and N-min and a negative correlation with organic matter, have an influence on sporulation.

The key finding is that the cropping system has a large impact on spore numbers/abundance. Seventeen standing crops as well as bare soil, fallow and natural areas were compared. There are a large number of factors which can affect mycorrhizal development; in the present work, it seems that soil and crop management, and environmental factors (such as precipitation) affect sporulation and root colonization. Covering land surface with mycorrhiza-dependent cover crop, irrigation and less soil till may increase indigenous mycorrhizal spores.     

Root phenotyping: important and minimum information required for root modeling in crop plants

As plants cannot relocate, they require effective root systems for water and nutrient uptake. Root development plasticity enables plants to adapt to different environmental conditions. Research on improvements in crop root systems is limited in comparison with that in shoots as the former are difficult to image. Breeding more effective root systems is proposed as the “second green revolution”. There are several recent publications on root system architecture (RSA), but the methods used to analyze the RSA have not been standardized. Here, we introduce traditional and current root-imaging methods and discuss root structure phenotyping. Some important root structures have not been standardized as roots are easily affected by rhizosphere conditions and exhibit greater plasticity than shoots; moreover, root morphology significantly varies even in the same genotype. For these reasons, it is difficult to define the ideal root systems for breeding. In this review, we introduce several types of software to analyze roots and identify important root parameters by modeling to simplify the root system characterization. These parameters can be extracted from photographs captured in the field. This modeling approach is applicable to various legacy root data stored in old or unpublished formats. Standardization of RSA data could help estimate root ideotypes.     

宁夏贺兰山农牧场温棚黄瓜根结线虫病综合防治对策

根据宁夏贺兰山衣牧场温棚黄瓜根结线虫痛防治现状的调查结果,分析了此病在该场严重危害的原因,并综合国内防治根结线虫病的技术和方法,结合农牧场的生产实际．时该场温棚黄瓜根结线虫病的综合防治提出了具体对策．     

发根农杆菌转化三倍体毛白杨

分别用发根农杆菌30148,ATCC 15834和ZALF3种菌株感染三倍体毛白杨叶外植体,获得毛状根。建立三倍体毛白杨毛状根离体培养系统,在含不同激素的培养基上诱导毛状根再生植株。利用PCR方法分别对转化再生植株ro lC,ro lD,及m as基因进行了检测,表明R i质粒的T-DNA已整合进再生植株中。     

一株好氧反硝化细菌的筛选、鉴定及紫外诱变

从牛蒡(Arctium lappa L.)根际土壤中分离到1株具有较高反硝化能力的好氧细菌YB000,对该菌株采用生理生化及分子生物学方法进行了鉴定,并且对该菌株进行了以提高反硝化性能为目的的紫外诱变。结果表明,分离自牛蒡根际的反硝化细菌经鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),该菌株于距离30 W紫外灯30 cm处照射240 s可获得具有较强脱氮能力且遗传性状稳定的诱变菌株YB004和YB005,其脱氮能力分别达到93.43%、92.03%。     

蔬菜残株沼气发酵液对薄皮甜瓜幼苗生长的影响

[目的]分析不同浓度沼气发酵液两种喷施方式对甜瓜幼苗生长发育的影响.[方法]以薄皮甜瓜(Cucumis melo)“京蜜11号”为试材、蔬菜残株为材料制作沼气发酵液,进行喷施和浇灌两种施用方式后,利用测量法观察株高、茎粗、地上部干重和地下部干重的变化.[结果]喷施沼气发酵液可以提高甜瓜幼苗株高和茎粗,促进真叶生长,增加地上部和地下部的干重,以300倍液沼气发酵液表现最明显,株高、茎粗、地上部和地下部的干重比对照分别增加31％、38％、57％,54％;浇灌不同浓度的沼气发酵液,株高、茎粗、地上部和地下部的干重比对照也有不同程度的增加.[结论]整体来看,喷施和浇灌沼气发酵液都能促进甜瓜幼苗生长,且喷施效果优于浇灌且以300倍液沼气发酵液为最优.     

苎麻耐镉品种的水培筛选

利用水培方法是筛选苎麻耐镉品种的一种快速、便捷、可靠的方法。通过水培试验探索了6个不同品种苎麻在镉胁迫下的耐受能力和吸附能力。结果表明:在5 mg/L镉溶液胁迫30 d后,不同品种的苎麻在株高、叶片数、根长和鲜重等指标上都表现出显著差异(P0.05)。通过对苎麻不同部位镉含量的测定,不同品种的富集系数在0.32~0.63之间,茎转运系数在0.32~0.50之间,叶转运系数在0.08~0.19之间,表现出明显的差异性。品种赤山稀节巴既表现出较强的耐镉性,又具备较强的镉转移能力,是进一步利用苎麻修复镉污染的优良研究材料。     

水杨酸浸种对NaCl胁迫下棉花种子萌发和幼苗根系生长的影响

为探讨水杨酸(SA)浸种对NaCl胁迫下棉花生长的影响,以中棉所41号、中棉所49号、新陆中36号和新陆中21号为材料,通过沙床萌发试验,研究了SA对NaCl胁迫下棉花种子萌发和幼苗根系生长的影响。结果表明:1)2.3mg/mL NaCl使棉花种子的相对盐害率达50.54%~83.02%,4个品种因耐盐性的不同其相对发芽势、相对发芽率和相对发芽指数下降的幅度也不相同;2)0.2mmol/L SA对棉花种子的盐害缓解效应达到显著水平;3)通过对各指标灰色关联度分析,发现发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数能作为评价SA对NaCl缓解作用的萌发指标,植株干重和根系活力能作为幼苗阶段评价SA对NaCl缓解作用的指标。总之,适宜浓度的SA可以显著提高棉花种子萌发,缓解NaCl胁迫对植株的伤害,同时可提高棉花幼苗的根系活力。     

退化草地土壤上不同豆科作物根系生长特征的研究

以退化草地土壤为供试基质,采用盆栽和网箱栽培方法,研究大豆、黑大豆、绿豆、豌豆和蚕豆根系生长特征。结果表明:不同豆科作物根系各项指标的增长随生育期变化的时间趋势基本呈"S"型增长模型,可划分为缓增期、速增期、顶峰期和衰减期4个时期;不同豆科作物根系垂直分布的深浅存在较大差异,根系生物量空间呈"T"型分布,其垂直递减率符合幂曲线模型Y=B_0·X~(B1)。综合试验结果,黑大豆、蚕豆和大豆比绿豆和豌豆更适合在该试验条件下种植,其中黑大豆和蚕豆可以作为该类型土壤首选作物。本研究结果为选择适宜的豆科作物进行合理种植达到改良退化草地土壤、提高退化草地生物量产出提供了依据。