中国野生葡萄抗黑痘病基因RAPD标记的克隆、序列分析及辅助育种应用

对中国野生葡萄抗黑痘病基因RAPD标记OPS03-1300进行了克隆、测序及序列分析,结果表明该标记实际长度是1354bp,因此更名为OPS03-1354,其GenBank登录号为DQ350885。该标记序列与99条来自欧洲葡萄的EST有同源性,其中与1条来自赤霞珠叶片感染葡萄皮尔斯病病原菌后获得的EST同源性为82%,与2条来自赤霞珠果实在不同发育期获得的EST同源性分别为80%和85%。该序列与1条来自中国野生华东葡萄白河-35-1叶片接种霜霉病病原菌后获得的EST同源性为67%。该序列编码葡萄的一种假定蛋白。此外,应用该标记对中国野生葡萄与欧洲葡萄的种间杂交广西-1×京可晶F1代339株、白河-35-1×佳利酿F2代207株进行了辅助选择。     

鲜干兼用型辣椒新品种‘天椒五号’的选育

‘天椒五号’是从甘肃甘谷线椒98—15中选择优良变异单株98—15—2,经连续多年定向分离、提纯育成的优良新品种。中熟,植株生长势强,抗逆性强,高抗辣椒疫病、炭疽病。果实浅绿色,长线椒形,中辣,商品性好,品质优良。适宜北方早春大棚及露地栽培。     

真鲷与黑鲷杂交繁育技术研究

通过对真鲷黑鲷杂交繁育,培育出一种能结合父母本性状,具有生长速度快、抗逆性强的杂交子一代。2006年3月从海区选购真鲷（Pagrosomusmajor）、黑鲷（Spraus macrocephalus）亲鱼,通过强化培育,性腺促熟,于4月进行干法人工授精。通过对真鲷♀×黑鲷8及黑鲷♀×真鲷♂获得杂交受精卵,结果真鲷♀×黑鲷♂受精率为87．4％,孵化率为85％,出苗率14．28％;黑鲷♀×真鲷♂受精率为92．1％,孵化率为90％,出苗率7．2％,该批次共获得正交反交杂交鱼苗32000尾。从杂交实际结果看,不管正交还是反交都比自交的结果差,说明它们之间存在生殖隔离,杂交繁育难度相当大,要达到规模生产。需要继续研究、试验。     

大弹涂鱼土池产卵技术探讨

选择投放产卵器和自然人工生态育苗两种方式进行大弹涂鱼（Boleophthalmus pectinirostris）人工育苗试验,通过清除敌害、调控水位、分批出苗的方法人工培育大弹涂鱼。结果显示,底质较硬的养殖池,投放产卵器可以获得受精卵,而长期用于大弹涂鱼养殖的土质较软的泥滩地,亲鱼则更倾向于直接钻洞产卵孵化;证明大弹涂鱼在池塘养殖条件下能够自然繁殖。     

欧洲鳗鲡三类苗养殖技术初探

本试验应用膨化饲料养殖欧洲鳗鲡（Anguilla anguilla）三类苗。经过110d的养殖,两个试验组的平均体重分别达到16．13g和15．39g,相对增重率分别为151．1％和142．4％。日均增重量分别为88．3mg和82．2mg。平行养殖试验结果显示存活率分别为97．7％和98．5％,饲料转化率分别为59．1％和58．4％。整个养殖过程基本不换水,完全不用任何药物。     

Application of sperm cryopreservation in selective breeding of the Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg)

The robustness of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), sperm cryopreservation in the context of selective breeding based on family lines was investigated. Irrespective of egg density, high fertilization success was achieved with cryopreserved sperm when sperm:egg ratios of 1000:1 to 10 000:1 were used. Variation among replicate runs on the same oyster batches was minimal, indicating that cryopreservation and larval rearing procedures were repeatable. Twenty independent single male–female crosses were made to assess the utility of cryopreserved sperm in selective breeding. The fertility of unfrozen sperm was generally a poor predictor of cryopreserved sperm fertility. Based on D‐larval yields, 17 of the 20 crosses were likely to yield adequate spat for selective breeding (>10⁵ D‐larvae from 1 million eggs), two were marginal (5 × 10⁴ D‐larvae) and one was inadequate (4 × 10³ D‐larvae). An alternative fertilization strategy to improve D‐yield from a given number of sperm was then tested. Fertilizing 10 million eggs at a sperm:egg ratio of 200:1 increased the total D‐yield when compared with fertilizing 1 million eggs at a sperm:egg ratio of 2000:1 for the same male–female pair. We conclude that, despite wide variation in fertility, cryopreserved sperm is useful for family production.     

俄罗斯沙棘优良品种引种试验研究

“三北”地区和黄土高原是中国沙棘亚种的分布中心,现已有大面积人工沙棘林,但其果小、刺多,产果量低,采果难。为此,作者于1997－2006年承担水利部“948”沙棘引进项目,以解决该地区沙棘优良品种缺乏问题。通过8年试验研究,引进俄罗斯大果无刺沙棘优良品种、类型40余种,分别在“三北”和黄土高原地区的7个主要试验基地进行引种试验,从中初步筛选出效果较好的9个优良品种、类型。它们生长发育良好,抗性较强,具高产、优质特性,并已开始利用引进的俄罗斯沙棘与当地中国沙棘杂交,培育出第一代杂交种。在引种选育和对俄罗斯沙棘生物生态学特性进行试验研究的基础上,对其良种的集约栽培和繁育做了试验和示范推广工作,产生了良好的生态、经济效益。通过本项目实施,为做好沙棘引种选育工作提供了良种,这对大面积建造高产、优质人工沙棘林和沙棘果园,加速黄土高原和“三北”地区的环境治理、发展地方经济具重要意义。     

Family by environment interactions in shell size of 43-day old silver-lip pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima), five families reared under different nursery conditions

To understand the influence the environment and associated genotype by environment interactions will exert on future silver-lip pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima) selective breeding programs, this study assessed the relative performance in four shell growth traits of spat from five full-sib families, when spat were communally reared at different salinities (29, 34 and 40 ppt), food availability (high, medium and low), food quality (high, medium and low), and in a hatchery vs. ocean environment for 43 days.Rearing environment was found to influence growth expression, with significant differences evident when oysters were grown at different salinities in the ocean instead of hatchery, or when fed algae of differing nutritional quality. As indicated by MANOVA, family comparative growth performances were also altered when the environment changed, with significant environment by family interactions apparent in the food quality, food availability and hatchery vs. ocean rearing treatments. Changes in salinity, however, did not affect relevant family performances.These results indicate that growth and relative family performance in P. maxima may change dependent on local environmental conditions and that genotype by environment effects may need to be considered in breeding programs for this species.     

玉米耐盐基因ZmHKT1;5在烟草中的功能验证

HKT类基因是与植物耐盐性密切相关的一类基因。在作物中HKT蛋白可通过排出Na+来维持植物体内的Na~+/K~+平衡,从而影响植物耐盐性。通过在烟草中过表达玉米ZmHKT1;5基因,验证该基因具有提高植物耐盐性的作用。结果表明,过表达ZmHKT1;5基因的T0代材料即显示出叶片耐盐能力的明显提高;T2代转基因株系种子在含盐培养基上的发芽能力明显强于野生型材料,T2代转基因株系幼苗阶段的耐盐能力也得到了明显的提高。通过比较在盐胁迫后2月龄的转基因材料和野生型材料的生理指标,发现野生型材料中MDA和H_2O_2的含量相较转基因材料发生了更为明显的上升,说明转基因材料中过表达ZmHKT1;5基因有效降低了盐胁迫引起的过氧化物积累。综合转基因验证的结果,证明ZmHKT1;5基因具有提高植物耐盐性的作用。     

优良早熟玉米自交系KL3及其衍生系利用

自交系KL3是以441×1034为基础材料经多代自交选育而成的优良自交系,是黑龙江省早熟玉米育种的重要自交系,因其抗病性好、抗逆性强、配合力高、农艺性状好、熟期适中而被广泛应用。自交系KL3直接利用选育8个玉米品种,间接利用选育13个玉米品种,社会效益显著。