北方农牧交错带草地使用权改革研究——以甘肃省永昌县马营沟村为例

中国北方农牧交错带的草地退化和沙化面积已占全国草地面积的50%。由于该区域人口多,草地面积相对较小,造成以家庭为单位的草地承包责任制无法开展或开展难度较大,草地公用导致超载过牧、退化严重。为了从草原管理制度层面探讨解决草地公用这一问题,本研究在甘肃省永昌县典型的农牧交错带——马营沟村社区,开展了基于参与式方法的社区草地联户承包制的试验,分析试验前后社区家畜养殖规模、草地生产力、草地载畜量及抽样调查的15户典型农牧户家畜养殖与经济状况的变化。结果表明,社区草地联户承包后超载率平均下降74.27%,农牧民转变了草地管理和使用观念,并改变原有的养殖方式,促进了草地畜牧业的高效发展,提高了家庭收入。这种改革尝试为中国农牧交错带的草地管理积累了经验。     

高寒区山生柳硬枝扦插灰色系统理论分析研究

本研究利用灰色系统关联度分析方法,对山生柳(Salix oritrepha)硬枝5种不同扦插处理的关联度及其扦插繁殖中的8个观察指标值间的关联度大小进行了计算分析,结果表明:山生柳硬枝扦插繁殖观测指标间的关联度大小依次为:保存率主根长度茎粗株高一级分枝数地上生物量鲜质量侧根数量;硬枝扦插5种不同处理的关联度大小依次为:覆膜简易塑料大棚育苗袋育苗杯露地。主根长度、茎粗和株高3个观测指标是影响山生柳扦插繁殖成活率的主要指标因子,覆膜处理是山生柳在高寒区最适合的快繁技术。     

引进三眠蚕诱导技术生产超细纤度生丝的试验及其开发意见

安徽金寨县引进三眠蚕诱导技术生产超细纤度生丝 ,并就开发生产超细纤度生丝提出建议意见     

赣南地区生态建设30a来的综合效益评价

水土保持生态建设综合效益评价,对水土保持宏观决策具有重要意义。在分析总结已有水土保持综合治理效益评价指标与方法的基础上,结合赣南地区自然、经济、社会条件及治理特点,对赣州市30 a来的水土保持生态效益、经济效益和社会效益分别进行了评价。评价结果表明,赣州地区水土保持生态服务价值1980年为6.30亿元,1997年为25.98亿元,2007年为41.65亿元;1997,2002,2007年赣南国家水土保持重点治理工程的静态经济效益分别为17.11,35.27和45.16亿元;各阶段社会效益效果为中等或良以上。可见,赣南地区30 a来的水土保持综合治理取得了显著的生态、经济和社会效益。     

Determination of critical nitrogen dilution curve based on leaf area index for winter wheat in the Guanzhong Plain,Northwest China

Excessive use of nitrogen(N) fertilizers in agricultural systems increases the cost of production and risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, determination of optimum N requirements for plant growth is necessary. Previous studies mostly established critical N dilution curves based on aboveground dry matter(DM) or leaf dry matter(LDM) and stem dry matter(SDM), to diagnose the N nutrition status of the whole plant. As these methods are time consuming, we investigated the more rapidly determined leaf area index(LAI) method to establish the critical nitrogen(N_c) dilution curve, and the curve was used to diagnose plant N status for winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China. Field experiments were conducted using four N fertilization levels(0, 105, 210 and 315 kg ha-1) applied to six wheat cultivars in the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 growing seasons. LAI, DM, plant N concentration(PNC) and grain yield were determined. Data points from four cultivars were used for establishing the N_c curve and data points from the remaining two cultivars were used for validating the curve. The N_c dilution curve was validated for N-limiting and non-N-limiting growth conditions and there was good agreement between estimated and observed values. The N nutrition index(NNI) ranged from 0.41 to 1.25 and the accumulated plant N deficit(N_(and)) ranged from 60.38 to –17.92 kg ha~(-1) during the growing season. The relative grain yield was significantly affected by NNI and was adequately described with a parabolic function. The N_c curve based on LAI can be adopted as an alternative and more rapid approach to diagnose plant N status to support N fertilization decisions during the vegetative growth of winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China.     

白龙江林区云杉病虫害调查及防治措施

对白龙江林区云杉人工示范林进行病虫害监测调查,结果表明：每hm2云杉人工示范林样地内有3种常见的有害生物危害,即云杉落针病、云杉叶锈病和杉针黄叶甲,感病指数分布为3级、1级和3级。通过化学和烟剂防治手段,病虫害蔓延得到有效控制,为白龙江林区森林提供相关技术参考。     

Low leaf to fruit ratio delays fruit maturity of ‘Lapins’ sweet cherry on Gisela 5

Canopy leaf to fruit ratio (L:F) of 6-year-old ‘Lapins’ sweet cherry trees on Gisela 5 rootstock was manipulated at the end of stage II (38 DAFB) of fruit development. While control trees showed a L:F ratio of 0.7:1 without alteration, on other trees young fruit were manually removed to yield L:F ratios of 2:1 and 3:1, respectively. All leaves and young fruit on trees were counted 30 DAFB. The effect of altering the source–sink ratio of whole trees on sweet cherry fruit quality parameters (fruit increment, fruit mass, color, total soluble solids content, contents of individual sugars and organic acids) was evaluated in the study. High leaf area to fruit (LA:F) ratios influenced significantly darkest fruit color, higher fruit mass, higher total soluble solids content and higher ratio between sugars and acids, which corresponded to better ripening stage. Contents of glucose, fructose and sorbitol, but not sucrose, sum of individual sugars, and the content of malic acid differed significantly among fruit of the different treatments. Fruit of the most advanced maturity stage (treatment 3:1) had the highest quality. Each day of improved L:F ratio counts towards better sweet cherry fruit quality. The results show that low L:F ratio influenced prolonged ripening process and delayed fruit maturity of ‘Lapins’ sweet cherry.     

豫西山区森林群落结构与物种多样性研究

对栾川、卢氏两地不同森林群落的类型、种类组成与结构,以及物种多样性等进行了分析,结果表明:群落的物种组成比较丰富,在生活型组成上以地上芽植物所占比例较大,物种多样性指数的顺序是阔叶林>混交林>针叶林,通过多样性指数和均匀度指数的分析可以较为客观的评价群落的稳定性。     

1995-2015年三峡库区土地利用变化分形研究

运用分形理论从空间形态视角基于分形维数模型对1995-2015年三峡库区土地利用变化进行分形研究.结果表明:①1995-2015年研究区土地利用斑块分形维数均小于临界值1.5,分形维数平均值由1.162 1下降至1.126 6,整体空间形态随时间变化趋于规则,空间结构趋于稳定;②1995-2015年,耕地斑块分形维数呈增加趋势,空间形态趋于不规则,空间结构趋于不稳定,林地、水域和草地分形维数呈降低趋势,空间形态趋于规则,空间结构趋于稳定;③建设用地和未利用地分形维数呈"先升后降"趋势,由于上升幅度均小于下降幅度,因而建设用地和未利用地空间形态整体趋于规则,空间结构趋于稳定.     

三峡库区植物篱技术对坡耕地土壤肥力的影响

通过三峡库区25°紫色土坡耕地的定位试验观测,探讨了植物篱技术对坡耕地土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,植物篱技术科学合理地解决了坡耕地用地和养地的问题,一方面通过植物篱根系吸收土壤深层养分并以刈割茎叶返还土壤,促进了养分的循环与再分配,发挥了养分泵的功能;另一方面通过植物篱的阻滞和坡面覆盖,减少了由径流与侵蚀泥沙携带的养分损失,有效地改善了土壤肥力性状。