The effects of a temperature rise on oxygen consumption and energy budget in gilthead sea bream

The rates of daily average, minimum and maximum oxygen consumption, specific dynamic action (SDA), ingestion and digestibility in gilthead sea bream, Sparus auratus L., were measured before, during and after a gradual rise of water temperature from 20 to 28 °C at a rate of 1 °C day-1. The relationship between energy gain and the metabolic costs has also been investigated. Oxygen consumption of juvenile sea bream had a clear daily rhythmicity, with low levels during darkness and higher levels during the light period. Both light and feeding processes raised the metabolism of sea bream, but fish fasted for 2 days also showed an increase in oxygen consumption during the light period. Acclimation to 28 °C was complete for the minimum oxygen consumption rate in 12 days, but daily average and maximum oxygen consumption rates on the 19th day after the change were still 33% higher than at 20 °C mainly due to increased SDA. The digestibility of food components did not change significantly throughout the experiment. These relationships are discussed with respect to the potential for growth when fish are reared at 28 °C, although the energy costs are high.     

Salinity tolerance of cultured Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis L.: Effects on growth and on survival as a function of temperature

Eurasian perch is generally only considered to be a candidate for freshwater aquaculture even though wild populations are found in estuarine and brackish water habitats. Little knowledge exists on two issues a) the effect of temperature on the salinity tolerance of perch and b) the long-term effects of brackish water on their overall growth performance. The present study addresses these two questions.

Firstly, the effect of temperature (12, 15, 20 and 25°C) on perch survival of a salinity challenge at either 13 or 18‰ was determined. Survival was unaffected by 13‰ at the two lowest temperatures whereas higher temperature and higher salinities had a dramatic detrimental effect (at 25°C, 50% mortality was reach at 62h and 39h for 13‰ and 18‰, respectively). Secondly, we examined the effect of salinity on growth, which was assessed by measuring standard length and body weight at regular intervals for 130days. In addition, Specific growth rate (SGR), Fulton's condition factor (K) and food conversion ratio (FCR) were also calculated as was the effect of salinity on plasma osmolality, blood ion content (Na⁺, Cl⁻, K⁺) and muscle water content at the termination of the experiment. The optimum growth for this study was seen in the lowest salinities at 0 and 4‰. Surprisingly, even small increases in salinity were detrimental to perch growth. At 10‰, growth in terms of body weight was reduced by about 50% after 130days compared to perch reared in freshwater.

Interest in brackish water production of perch would be most likely served best by selecting a strain of perch that is adapted to saline conditions, as found in the lower Baltic region. Further studies are required to understand the potential for brackish water perch production.     

菲律宾蛤仔摄食率与温度、壳长和饵料浓度的关系

以等边金藻3011为饵料,采用室内流水法,在12、20和24℃3个温度和不同的壳长、饵料浓度下,测定并计算了温度、壳长和饵料浓度与菲律宾蛤仔摄食率的关系,并建立了相关数学模型。结果显示,在实验条件范围内,摄食率随着饵料浓度的增大而增大,且符合幂函数方程。摄食率可以用温度、壳长和饵料浓度的自然对数方程表示,其模型为：IR=21．2LnT＋20．06LnL＋7．10LnC-97．95,经协方差分析结果表明,其相关系数呈非常显著水平。     

温度、盐度对褐牙鲆（♀）×犬齿牙鲆（♂）杂交子一代胚胎发育和仔鱼存活的影响

探讨了温度、盐度对褐牙鲆（♀）×犬齿牙鲆（♂）杂交子一代（杂交F1）胚胎和初孵仔鱼发育的影响。结果表明，杂交F1受精卵孵化适宜温度范围和最适温度分别为15～21℃和18℃，在适宜温度范围内胚胎发育时间随温度的升高而缩短，二者符合乘幂函数关系式N=115．99T^-0.768.8（R^2=0．9769）。胚胎发育的生物学零度和有效积温分别是7．54℃和540．1℃·h，积算温度（A）与试验水温间呈乘幂函数相关，表达式：A=1328．1T^-0.3149。（R^2=0．9624）。胚胎发育的最低盐度界限为10，孵化的适宜盐度范围和最适盐度范围分别为10～45、25～35；初孵仔鱼生存发育的适宜盐度范围、最适盐唐范围分别为10～40和10～20。     

光照、温度、碳源及接种密度对微绿球藻生长的影响

运用正交设计法开展了碳源和接种密度,光照、温度和接种密度对微绿球藻生长影响的试验。结果表明,在碳源和接种密度的试验中,NaHCO_3浓度、接种密度及其交互作用存在显著性差异,最优水平为NaHCO_32.5g/L、接种密度300×10~4个/mL。在光照、温度和接种密度试验中,各因子以及其一级交互作用均存在着显著性差异,最优水平是培养温度30±1℃、光强7000LX、接种密度100×10~～150×10~4个/mL。     

花后短暂高低温胁迫对小麦产量形成的影响及减灾调控

为明确花后阶段高、低温胁迫对冬小麦光合特性、籽粒发育及产量形成的影响,利用人工智能控温室开展盆栽小麦高、低温度胁迫试验,以宁麦13和镇麦12为试验材料,在花后7～9、15～17、23～25和31～33 d分别进行低温和高温胁迫处理,并在温度胁迫后喷施1μmol·L^-1 2,4-表油菜素内酯(BR)、0.5mol·L^-1亚精胺+腐胺(Spd+Put)进行减灾调控,分析小麦旗叶净光合速率、SPAD值、籽粒形态、产量变化及减灾调控效果。结果表明,与自然温度处理相比,花后不同阶段低温胁迫结束当天小麦旗叶SPAD值先升高,3 d后显著下降;高温胁迫后SPAD值降低4.67%～29.00%。两品种旗叶净光合速率在高、低温胁迫处理下均降低。高、低温胁迫显著降低粒宽,增加籽粒长宽比,导致籽粒表面皱缩。籽粒灌浆时间在花后低温胁迫下延长1～3 d,在高温胁迫下缩短1～5 d。温度胁迫后优势和弱势小穗籽粒灌浆速率分别下降2.75%～37.64%和3.31%～40.34%,产量降低5.46%～35.24%。温度胁迫后喷施BR与Spd+Put均能缓解温度胁迫的伤害,使...     

魁蚶Ets家族9个基因的克隆及其在病毒感染应答中的表达分析

Ets蛋白是宿主MAPK信号通路下游的一类可参与调控病毒基因转录复制的重要转录因子。本研究通过基因克隆成功获得魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii) Ets家族9条基因(分别命名为ETS-1~ ETS-9),开放阅读框(ORF)大小分别为1065、1290、1569、912、1344、1404、1521、1968和1191 bp,并分别编码354、429、522、303、447、468、506、655和396个氨基酸。系统进化树分类表明,本研究所获得的基因均属Ets家族。对ETS-1和ETS-3的氨基酸序列和三维结构分析表明,其均含有高度保守的ETS结构域。在不同水温条件下,通过人工注射牡蛎疱疹病毒(OsHV-1)对魁蚶进行感染,并对病毒拷贝数和Ets的相对表达量进行定量分析。结果显示,ETS-1和ETS-3只在高温阳性组中相对表达量显著上调,与病毒拷贝数在高温条件下增长趋势呈正相关;ETS-4和ETS-8只在低温阳性组中相对表达量显著上调,但在高温阳性组中ETS-4和ETS-8的相对表达量与病毒拷贝数呈负相关;初步研究结果显示,从魁蚶Ets基因中筛选出2条Ets基因(ETS-1和ETS-3),在高温条件下(16±2)℃,其可能参与正向调控病毒OsHV-1的复制过程。本研究为进一步探索魁蚶在夏季因感染牡蛎疱疹病毒(OsHV-1)而导致的大量死亡提供了科学数据。     

温度胁迫对大鳞副泥鳅抗氧化与非特异性免疫指标的影响

为研究大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)对温度胁迫的适应能力,开展了温度胁迫与恢复实验。设置对照组(22℃)、高温组(29℃)、降温组(15℃)与低温组(8℃)4个处理,在胁迫期的第1、2、4、8、12h与恢复期第4、8、12、24h取肝脏,测定其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、溶菌酶(LZM)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力和丙二醛(MDA)、血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)含量。结果显示,胁迫期内肝脏SOD和CAT活力均在温度骤变的影响下受到抑制,显著低于对照组水平(P0.05),MDA含量则显著升高(P0.05);恢复期内各实验组SOD和CAT活力均逐渐升高,MDA含量逐渐降低,至恢复期结束时,对照组与各实验组间无显著差异(P0.05)。温度骤变条件下,各实验组肝脏LZM与AKP活力显著降低(P0.05),恢复期内高温组LZM与AKP活力无明显变化,降温组与低温组LZM与AKP活力则逐渐升高,至恢复期结束时与对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。温度胁迫显著升高血清中AST与ALT含量(P0.05),恢复期内各实验组AST与ALT含量均呈下降趋势,至恢复期结束时,除高温组ALT含量外均降至对照组水平。研究表明,温度胁迫显著降低大鳞副泥鳅SOD、CAT、LZM与AKP活力,MDA与血清转氨酶AST、ALT含量升高,其中,高温胁迫会对大鳞副泥鳅非特异性免疫机能造成不可逆破坏,其他抑制均为可恢复的。     

不同培养条件对铜藻生长和营养组分的影响

研究了不同温度(5℃、10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃)和光照[50、100、200 、300μmol/(m^2·s)]对铜藻(Sargassum horneri)生长、光合色素和生化组分的影响。结果显示,温度和光照对这3个方面均有显著影响(P<0.05)。铜藻在5℃~20℃、50~300μmol/(m^2·s)时均可生长,且最适生长条件为20℃、200~300μmol/(m^2·s),特定生长率较高。温度高于25℃,藻体基本停止生长并出现腐烂现象。25℃、50μmol/(m^2·s)时,铜藻色素积累较多。可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖的含量分别在10℃、20℃时最高,不同光照间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。灰分和粗蛋白含量在5℃~10℃、50μmol/(m^2·s)时最高。粗脂肪含量在10℃和25℃时最低,不同光照间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。褐藻胶含量在10℃、100μmol/(m^2·s)时最高,岩藻黄素含量在10℃、50μmol/(m^2·s)时达到最大。褐藻多酚含量在低温为 5℃或高温25℃、200~300μmol/(m^2·s)高光下达到最大。研究表明,室内培养铜藻在20℃左右、200~300μmol/(m^2·s)时,生长速率最快,而铜藻在10℃、100μmol/(m^2·s)环境条件下,藻体色泽及健壮程度更好,铜藻个体大,生长速度快,可进行大规模的养殖生产。本研究结果对铜藻养殖及其活性物质提取具有重要的参考价值。     

黄顶菊种子萌发特性研究

从光照、温度、土壤含水量和空气相对湿度等方面,研究了其对黄顶菊种子萌发的影响。结果表明：光照促进黄顶菊种子萌发;适于黄顶菊种子萌发的温度为25～40℃;土壤含水量在30％～90％时,有利于黄顶菊种子萌发;空气相对湿度对黄顶菊种子萌发影响较小。