Occurrence of Mycobacterium spp. in ornamental fish in Italy

The occurrence of Mycobacterium spp. in freshwater and marine ornamental fish was studied in Italy from June 2002 to May 2005. Two surveys were carried out, one of aquarium fish sent to the Laboratory for diagnosis, and the other of prevalence of infection by mycobacteria in ornamental fish imported into Italy. Bacterial isolation was carried out from the spleen, kidney and liver, and the isolates were subsequently identified by biochemical tests. In the first survey, 387 fish were examined and Mycobacterium spp. were isolated from 181 (46.8%) fish. In the second survey 127 batches of ornamental fish from different countries were examined. Mycobacterium spp. were isolated from 38 (29.9%) batches. The following species were found: M. fortuitum, M. peregrinum, M. chelonae, M. abscessus, M. marinum, M. gordonae, M. nonchromogenicum and M. interjectum. There was a high prevalence of infection independent of the presence of macroscopic lesions. Mycobacterium fortuitum and M. chelonae were more prevalent than M. marinum in the samples examined.     

基于16SrDNA分析的浒苔外生细菌多样性研究

为研究浙江近海浒苔Ulva spp.(Enteromorpha spp.)外生细菌多样性,采用传统的形态学和16S rDNA测序分析的方法,从舟山朱家尖、宁海国华电厂和奉化南沙3个地区分离到可培养的浒苔外生细菌及其周围海水细菌65株。根据细菌菌落特征和革兰氏染色结果等将分离到的细菌分为26种表型。16S rDNA序列测序比对发现:菌株与不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas)、弧菌属(Vibrio)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、赤细菌属(Erythrobacter)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、深海杆菌属(Idiomarina)、Phaeobacter、Roseivirgaj和Silicibacter等23个属相应菌株具有较高同源性。对不同地区浒苔外生细菌进行了Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分析。研究表明:(1)宁海国华电厂的浒苔外生细菌多样性最丰富,多样性指数为93.98%;(2)浒苔外生细菌与其生活地区密切相关,其群落组成具有地域差异,其优势类群也不尽相同,但均归属于变形菌门。     

弧菌属PCR检测方法的建立与应用

根据弧菌属细菌(Vibrio spp.)共有的rpo A基因序列,比对和设计了一对PCR引物,建立了能够快速而准确地检测弧菌属细菌的通用PCR检测方法,该方法对靶标DNA的检测灵敏度为58 fg/μL,对菌液的检测灵敏度为2.7×102cfu/m L,能够区分该属细菌与其它属的细菌,具有极高的特异性。使用建立的方法对分离自南美白对虾的病原菌进行了检验,并结合16S r DNA序列分析,结果显示待检测病原均为弧菌属的细菌,与测序结果一致,说明该检测方法可用于弧菌属细菌的检测和诊断。     

莫桑比克鳗鲡拟指环虫病药物防治研究

对感染拟指环虫病的莫桑比克鳗鲡（Anguilla mossambic）进行药浴处理,研究三种常用治疗药物的驱虫效果并观察鳗鲡恢复状况。结果表明,吡喹酮是寄生在莫桑比克鳗鲡的拟指环虫的有效驱虫药物,在3ppm浓度下12小时拟指环虫即被全部杀灭,且药浴后鳗鲡恢复状况显著优于其他两种药物。甲苯咪唑和敌百虫对寄生在莫桑比克鳗鲡鳃上的拟指环虫驱除效果不佳。     

Molecular identification and genetic analysis for 24 turf-type Cynodon cultivars by Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism markers

Bermudagrass (Cynodon ssp.) germplasm is genetically diverse and widely distributed in the world. The study was conducted to identify and assess the molecular variation and relationship among 24 cultivars developed in China, Australia and the USA. Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) was applied to cultivars identification in this study for the first time. Thirty of the 90 SRAP primer combinations generated a total of 274 clearly bands encompassing 249 (91%) polymorphic. Each bermudagrass cultivar has its unique binary code and can be distinguished from the others. Three distinct clusters were obtained by unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages based on the polymorphic markers. Coefficients of genetic distance among the genotypes ranged from 0.57 to 0.97. The results demonstrated that SRAP marker is a stable molecular marker technique for the identification of bermudagrass cultivars and their genetic relationships.     

A SCAR marker linked to the N gene for resistance to root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

The root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are important nematode pests and cause serious diseases in pepper in the world. No molecular markers linked to the nematodes resistance N gene have been reported. In this paper, ‘Carolina Wonder’ (Capsicum annuum L.), a sweet pepper line resistant to root-knot nematode with N gene, ‘20080-5-29’ (C. annuum L.), an inbred line susceptible to root-knot nematode with good horticultural characteristics, and their F₂ progeny with 320 individuals were used as materials. Evaluation of resistance and susceptibility of parental lines, F₁ and F₂ progeny inoculated with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) were carried out. ‘Bulked segregant analysis’ method was used to search for polymorphic markers from 512 pairs of AFLP primers. Based on the assessment of resistance and susceptibility and polymorphism of the AFLP marker in F₂ population, the genetic linkage distance between the AFLP marker and the N gene was estimated. One AFLP marker E39/M41-339 was obtained and transferred to a SCAR marker amplifying a 315 bp DNA fragment linked to the N resistant allele and a 331 bp fragment linked to the N⁺ susceptible allele. The distance between the molecular marker and the nematodes resistance N gene is 6.3 cM. This research delivered a valuable tool for the marker assisted selection of nematodes resistance in pepper.     

Sodicity and salinity in a Brazilian Oxisol cultivated with sugarcane irrigated with wastewater

Changes in soil sodicity-salinity parameters are one of the most characteristic alterations after treated sewage effluent (TSE) irrigation in agro-systems. Considering the importance of these parameters for agricultural management, as well as the economical value of sugarcane for Brazil, the present study aimed at evaluating effects on soil sodicity and salinity under tropical conditions over 16 months of TSE irrigation in a sugarcane plantation at Lins, São Paulo State, Brazil. Soil samplings were carried out in February 2005 (before planting), December 2005 (after 8 months of TSE irrigation) and September 2006 (after 16 months of TSE irrigation) following a complete block design with four treatments and four replicates. Treatments consisted of: (i) control, without TSE irrigation; (ii) T100, T150 and T200, with TSE irrigation supplying 100% (0% surplus, total of 2524 mm), 150% (50% surplus, total of 3832 mm) and 200% (100% surplus, total of 5092 mm) of crop water demand, respectively. Compared to initial soil conditions, at the end of the experiment increases of exchangeable sodium (from 2.4 to 5.9 mmol_c kg⁻¹), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) (from 8 to 18%), soluble Na (from 1.4 to 4.7 mmol L⁻¹) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of soil solution (from 3.6 to 12.6 (mmol L⁻¹)^0.5) were found in the soil profile (0-100 cm) as an average for the irrigated plots due to high SAR of TSE. Associated with the increments were mostly significant increases in clay dispersion rates at depths 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm. Electrical conductivity (EC) of soil solution increased during the TSE irrigation period whereas at the end of the experiment, after short term discontinuation of irrigation and harvest, EC in the topsoil (0-10 and 10-20 cm) decreased compared to the previous samplings. Moreover, despite increasing sodicity over time mainly insignificant differences within the different irrigated treatments were found in December 2005 and September 2006. This suggests that independent of varying irrigation amounts the increasing soil sodicity over time were rather caused by the continuous use of TSE than by its quantity applied. Moreover, also plant productivity showed no significant differences within the TSE irrigated plots. The study indicates that monitoring as well as remediation of soil after TSE irrigation is required for a sustainable TSE use in order to maintain agricultural quality parameters.     

黄绿木霉菌对大豆根腐病镰刀菌的拮抗作用

利用室内对峙培养与发酵液处理病原菌研究了黄绿木霉(Trichoderma aureoviride)对大豆根腐病几种镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)的拮抗作用,并利用盆栽试验研究了黄绿木霉对苗期大豆根腐病发生的影响.拮抗试验结果表明,黄绿木霉在与镰刀菌对峙培养中,菌丝交叉、接触与纠结,接触后镰刀菌菌丝被破坏;发酵产物只可延长镰刀菌孢子萌发的时间,但对孢子最终萌发率没有影响,发酵产物对菌丝生长速率的影响以山梨醇、葡萄糖及蔗糖作为碳源时,抑菌效果好,抑菌能力分别可达63%、51%、58%;盆栽试验证明黄绿木霉对大豆根腐病有较好的防治效果,防效可达73.2%,处理后幼苗株高与干重均高于未处理的对照.     

不同时间尺度土壤因子与柽柳液流速率关系的差异

【目的】研究土壤因子对柽柳液流的影响及存在时间尺度差异,为不同时间尺度下更为准确的分析柽柳液流的变化规律。【方法】利用PS-TDP8树木液流监测系统及5TM土壤温度与湿度传感器对库姆塔格沙漠东南部柽柳液流速率及土壤因子(土壤含水量SWC及土壤温度Ts)持续 5个月同步观测。【结果】月尺度下,Ts_20cm是液流速率变化的主要影响因子,单独能解释91.7%的液流速率变化;日尺度下,进入的土壤因子依次为Ts_20cm、Ts_200cm、SWC_50cm、SWC_150cm、SWC_20cm,Ts_20cm可以解释液流速率变化的72.1%,5个因子共同可以解释82.9%的液流速率变化,日尺度下对柽柳液流速率影响最大的也是20 cm层土壤温度;小时尺度下,对液流影响最大的是Ts_20cm,Ts_20cm可以解释液流速率变化的37.6%,6个因子共同可以解释55.9%的液流速率变化。随着时间尺度的扩大,与柽柳树干液流显著相关的土壤因子个数有减少的趋势,而对其解释程度则有增加的趋势。【结论】土壤因子模拟计算小时尺度柽柳液流速率需要的参数较多,预测月尺度液流速率需要的参数最少,可靠性最大,能够较好地解释柽柳液流速率变化,月尺度预测柽柳液流速率更加准确。