中国长江中下游地区浅水湖泊沉积物有机磷研究

Thirteen sediment core samples （0 10 cm） were taken from the seven lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to determine the contents and distributions of organic phosphorus （P） fractions in the sediments of the shallow lakes in the area. The organic P fractions in the sediments were in the order of moderately labile organic P （MLOP） 〉 moderately resistant organic P （MROP） 〉 highly resistant organic P （HROP） 〉 labile organic P （LOP）, with average proportional ratios of 13.2：2.8：1.3：1.0. LOP, MLOP, and MROP were significantly related to the contents of total organic carbon （TOC）, water-soluble P （WSP）, algal-available P （AAP）, NaHCO3-extractable P （Olsen-P）, total P （TP）, organic P （OP）, and inorganic P （IP）. However, HROP was significantly related to OP and weakly correlated with TOC, WSP, AAP, Olsen-P, TP or IP. This suggested that organic P, especially LOP and MLOP in sediments, deserved even greater attention than IP in regards to lake eutrophication. In terms of organic P, sediments were more hazardous than soils in lake eutrophication. Although OP concentrations were higher in moderately polluted sediment than those in heavily polluted sediment, LOP and MLOP were higher in the heavily polluted sediment, which indicated that heavily polluted sediment was more hazardous than moderately polluted sediment in lake eutrophication.     

氮负荷升高对苦草（Vallisneria natans）和穗花狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum）生长的影响

为研究在浅水湖泊的外源污染源控制工作中控氮(N)的必要性,通过室外模拟实验,探究了N负荷升高对浅水湖泊沉水植物生长的影响。实验设置低N组(输入氮磷比为5∶1)和高N组(输入氮磷比为100∶1)两个N负荷水平,同时选择不同生长型的两种沉水植物——莲座型苦草(Vallisneria natans)和冠层型穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)作为实验对象。结果表明:N负荷升高对苦草生长产生了明显的抑制作用,表现为高N组苦草的相对生长率、生物量、根长、株数和叶片数等指标均显著低于低N组。与苦草不同,N负荷升高对穗花狐尾藻的胁迫作用不显著,两种N浓度下穗花狐尾藻的生物量、相对生长率、节间距、株高和株数均无明显差异。总体而言,N负荷升高显著降低了沉水植物的总生物量,实验结束时高N组沉水植物的总生物量(115.86 g?m~(-2))是低N组(321.98 g?m~(-2))的36.0%。研究表明,N负荷升高会对沉水植物的生长产生胁迫,但是不同沉水植物对N负荷升高的响应具有种间差异。从湖泊管理和生态修复的角度,本研究支持外源N、P均需要控制的观点。     

太湖岸带芦苇滩涂生态恢复工程技术体系

根据太湖湖区气候和水文特征,结合芦苇的生理生态特征,理论联系实际,提出太湖岸带芦苇滩涂生态恢复工程技术体系。该技术体系由围堰消浪技术、堆土工程技术、护泥技术和芦苇种植技术组成。应用该技术体系成功修复太湖西岸沙塘港至欧渎港段芦苇滩涂20 hm2,为太湖水环境综合治理及相关工作提供参考。     

Modelling nitrogen transport and transformation in a transplanted rice field experiment with reduced irrigation

Application of water-saving irrigation technologies in transplanted rice (TPR) cultivation resulted in different soil water regimes compared to traditional flood irrigation and consequent diverse nitrogen transport and losses in paddy fields. In this study, nitrogen transport and transformations in a TPR field under multiple shallow irrigation (MSI) conditions in the Taihu Lake Basin of Eastern China were observed and simulated (Hydrus-1D model) during the 2008 and 2009 seasons based on a previous study. MSI controlled well the depth of floodwater and reduced nitrogen losses substantially through percolation and surface runoff, in particular during the 2008 season with relative less rainfall. Nitrogen balance analysis showed that both denitrification and NH₃ volatilisation were the two major paths of nitrogen loss during the two seasons. Most nitrogen transformations occurred in top soil (0–40?cm) during early-middle seasons. The overall nitrification and denitrification differed slightly between the two seasons but largely between soil depths, averagely 92.7% and 73.0% of respective total in a 120?cm soil profile occurred in 0–40?cm soil, respectively. MSI method coupled with deep applied fertiliser is recommended to substantially reduce nitrogen losses through surface runoff, percolation, and NH₃ volatilisation in TPR fields.     

太湖近岸带草藻残体分解对水质的影响

为探究蓝藻(Cyanobacteria)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)残体及其混合分解过程对水质的影响,在实验室进行了模拟实验,共设置B、C、D三个处理组,分别加入2 g蓝藻、2 g芦苇及蓝藻、芦苇各2 g,监测其分解过程中水体溶解氧(DO)、氧化还原电位(Eh)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)等理化指标变化情况。结果表明:加入草藻残体后,水体DO和Eh迅速下降。蓝藻-芦苇混合分解组一直处于厌氧状态,水体Eh值最终稳定在-150 m V左右,水体具极强还原性;同时,厌氧强还原条件又加速了草藻残体分解过程,促进了营养盐向上覆水的释放,B、C、D组TN含量分别于实验第2 d、第7 d和第2 d达到峰值,是初始值的5倍、2倍和6倍,水体无机氮以NH+4-N为主;厌氧环境下,间隙水中磷酸盐向上覆水迁移转化以及沉积物中Fe-P的还原释放,使水体TP和Fe2+浓度升高,TP平均增长速率分别为0.38、0.10、0.52 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),Fe2+最高浓度达到1.62 mg·L~(-1)。研究表明,蓝藻和芦苇在分解过程中会向水体中释放大量营养盐,引发"湖泛"或"黑水团"现象,加剧水体富营养化。因此,应当密切关注芦苇丛及近岸带漕沟等区域,避免引发水质快速恶化等问题。     

From salmon to shad: Shifting sources of marine‐derived nutrients in the Columbia River Basin

Like Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), nonnative American shad (Alosa sapidissima) have the potential to convey large quantities of nutrients between the Pacific Ocean and freshwater spawning areas in the Columbia River Basin (CRB). American shad are now the most numerous anadromous fish in the CRB, yet the magnitude of the resulting nutrient flux owing to the shift from salmon to shad is unknown. Nutrient flux models revealed that American shad conveyed over 15,000 kg of nitrogen (N) and 3,000 kg of phosphorus (P) annually to John Day Reservoir, the largest mainstem reservoir in the lower Columbia River. Shad were net importers of N, with juveniles and postspawners exporting just 31% of the N imported by adults. Shad were usually net importers of P, with juveniles and postspawners exporting 46% of the P imported by adults on average. American shad contributed <0.2% of the total annual P load into John Day Reservoir, but during June when most adult shad are migrating into John Day Reservoir, they contributed as much as 2.0% of the P load. Nutrient inputs by American shad were similar to current but far less than historical inputs of Pacific salmon owing to their smaller size. Given the relatively high background P levels and low retention times in lower Columbia River reservoirs, it is unlikely that shad marine‐derived nutrients affect nutrient balances or food web productivity through autotrophic pathways. However, a better understanding of shad spawning aggregations in the CRB is needed.     

城市封闭湖泊浮游甲壳动物种类组成及优势种季节变化

为了解城市封闭湖泊浮游甲壳动物种类组成及优势种的季节变化,于2015年6月至2016年5月对扬州市蜀冈湖进行为期1周年的调查。结果表明,蜀冈湖共检出浮游甲壳动物13属15种,其中枝角类2属4种,桡足类11属11种,桡足类中哲水蚤目的球状许水蚤(Schmackeria forbesi)、汤匙华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus dorrii)和剑水蚤目的毛饰拟剑水蚤(Paracyclops fimbriatus)、广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti)为优势种。4种优势种丰度春夏季高于秋冬季,体长秋冬季大于春夏季;Pearson相关性分析显示,4种优势种丰度与水温呈正相关,体长与水温呈负相关(P0.05);2种哲水蚤优势种丰度还与氨态氮、总氮和叶绿素a呈正相关,与透明度呈负相关,体长与透明度呈正相关,与叶绿素a呈负相关(P0.05)。线性回归分析显示,水温显著影响优势种丰度和体长的季节变化。     

人工湖对沽源退化草地土壤碳、氮、磷的时空影响

在退化草地上建造人工湖泊,可以使人工湖泊与毗邻退化草地形成近湿地生态系统,从而可能改善毗邻退化草地的生态环境,积极影响退化草地土壤中养分的流动,加快退化草地的修复。本研究分析了人为建造人工湖泊后3年内（2014年、2015年、2016年）湖泊毗邻的退化草地土壤碳氮磷在离湖距离（10 m、60 m、100 m、150 m、250 m、600 m）上的时空动态变化。结果如下：距离上,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷在上层土壤（0～10 cm和10～20 cm）中与距离有显著（P<0.05）的线性关系,呈逐渐降低的趋势,说明在建湖3年这个短时期内,土壤养分（有机碳、全氮、全磷）形成了一个近湖效应,即靠近湖的养分含量高。年际间,自建湖后土壤全磷随着年数的增加在各个土层均显著降低。土壤养分（有机碳、全氮、全磷）在建湖初期2014年在距离上特异性较大,经过建湖3年后,2016年时在距离上的特异性减弱。这些结果表明,人工湖影响毗邻退化草地土壤中养分流动,尤其在距离上有显著的影响并表现出一定的规律性。建湖对毗邻退化草地的养分产生一定的影响,表明人工湖对放牧草地产生一定的积极效应。     

南洞庭湖生态旅游资源开发与利用研究

在探讨生态旅游与自然保护区关系的基础上,分析了南洞庭湖湿地和水禽自然保护区生态旅游资源的特点,提出了南洞庭湖生态旅游开发的７ 项原则．特别强调可持续发展、最大限度的社区参与性和＂泄漏”极限、与专家的伙伴关系原则,认为这是在科学规划的基础上合理开发生态旅游资源,给旅游地带来实惠,促进自然保护事业发展的有效途径,并强调生态旅游有效管理的重要性．