The integrated control concept and its relevance to current integrated pest management in California fresh market grapes

The foundation of an integrated pest management program involves valid treatment thresholds, accurate and simple monitoring methods, effective natural controls, selective pesticides and trained individuals who can implement the concept. The Integrated Control Concept written by Stern, Smith, van den Bosch and Hagen elucidated each of these points in an alfalfa ecosystem. Alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa L.) has a low per acre value, requires little hand labor and is primarily marketed in the USA. In contrast, fresh market table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) has a high per acre value, requires frequent hand labor operations, suffers unacceptable cosmetic damage and is marketed throughout both the USA and the world. Each of the components of a working IPM program is present in table grape production. Marketing grapes to foreign countries presents special problems with pests considered invasive and where residue tolerances for some selective insecticides are lacking. However, fresh market grape farmers are still able to deal with these special problems and utilize an IPM program that has resulted in a 42% reduction in broad‐spectrum insecticide use from 1995 to 2007. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

6个鲜食葡萄品种不同部位生物活性物质含量及抗氧化活性比较

【目的】 对不同色系鲜食葡萄品种各器官生物活性物质含量和各器官提取物总活性进行比较研究,为鲜食葡萄育种和生物活性物质利用提供有效依据。【方法】 以三种色系鲜食葡萄(各含一个有籽和无籽鲜食葡萄品种)为材料,分别测定果梗、果皮、果肉、葡萄籽中多酚、黄酮、原花青素含量,用自由基清除法评价各器官提取物的总活性,并使用相关系数法分析3种生物活性物质含量和总活性的相关性。【结果】 结果表明,不同色系葡萄品种中,黄绿色系与红色系果梗多酚含量高于紫黑色系品种,无籽品种含量高于有籽品种;黄酮含量以红色系品种含量最高,且无籽高于有籽品种。果皮中多酚、黄酮及原花青素含量与果皮颜色深浅有关,颜色越深含量越高;原花青素含量在黄绿色系与红色系葡萄品种中无籽显著高于有籽葡萄。果肉多酚含量紫黑色系有籽葡萄显著低于其它品种;原花青素含量紫黑色系显著高于红色系品种,黄绿色系及红色系品种有籽显著高于无籽品种。葡萄籽中多酚及原花青素含量变化具有随着果皮颜色加深而显著增加的变化趋势。生物活性物质抗氧化活性在果梗中黄绿色系与红色系品种显著高于紫黑色系品种,无籽品种高于有籽品种;在果皮中紫黑色系品种显著高于黄绿色系与红色系品种;在果肉中黄绿色系有籽品种显著高于无籽品种;多酚、黄酮含量与提取物总的抗氧化活性呈极显著正相关关系(P <0.01)。综上可知,鲜食葡萄果梗中含有丰富的多酚和黄酮物质,且红色系无籽品种显著最高,可将葡萄采果后果梗作为多酚和黄酮物质提取的原材料;鲜食葡萄多酚、黄酮、原花青素等生物活性物质随着果皮颜色加深而加深,可选育果皮颜色深且品质好的品种做鲜食葡萄;葡萄籽中含有丰富的多酚、黄酮、原花青素,可作为生物活性物质提取的原材料;鲜食葡萄提取物总抗氧化活性主要由多酚、黄酮决定。     

上海市鲜食玉米生产现状与发展对策

通过对上海鲜食玉米生产现状及形势的深入分析,指出当前影响生产的主要问题,同时提出了上海鲜食玉米生产实现产业化的对策和发展思路。     

避雨栽培技术对葡萄霜霉病的控效

云南省宾川县在2011年、2012年就避雨栽培技术对葡萄霜霉病的控制效果进行研究,得出避雨栽培技术对葡萄叶部霜霉病平均控制效果为91.51%,对葡萄果粒霜霉病控制效果为93.45%,控制效果均良好,并且对果粒霜霉病控制效果好于叶部霜霉病。葡萄避雨栽培技术不影响农事操作,造价低,具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

《四库全书总目·茶经》疏证

本文对《四库全书总目》之《茶经》条作出疏证:对《四库全书·茶经》的分类进行简单辨析;对陆羽生平和《茶经》的成书过程作简要介绍,对提要所及陆羽所授官职和时间进行订正;考证《四库全书·茶经》的版本;详述"七之事"可以旁资考辨的条目;补充《茶经》的意义与影响。     

羽速基因与优质肉鸡的育种

综述了羽速基因及其对某些经经济性状的影响，并阐述了羽速基因在优质肉鸡育种中的应用价值与意义。     

室内盆栽葡萄的光合特性研究

[目的]研究盆栽葡萄的光合特性。[方法]以夏黑和绯红盆栽葡萄为试材,在室内阳台对夏黑葡萄光合速率日变化,不同叶位、不同品种、不同叶龄光合速率进行测定,同时测定节间长度和叶面积。[结果]不同叶位叶片的净光合速率不相同,中间叶位的光合速率最高,不同节位的节间长度和叶片的净光合速率相关性不大,但叶面积和净光合速率相关度较高,室内盆栽葡萄的净光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线,叶龄不同净光合速率也不一样,叶龄在32 d时净光合速率最高,夏黑和绯红葡萄品种光合速率差异不明显。[结论]该研究可为今后盆栽葡萄的高产优质栽培提供理论依据。     

远郊校区图书馆多维阅览服务模式构建

上海海洋大学为远郊校区办学,面对新环境的挑战,图书馆尝试建构新的阅览服务模式,采取多维阅览服务方式,即:拓展物理空间、网络空间和人文空间的阅览服务举措,进而提升阅览服务水平,从而更好地为教学、科研服务。     

Dissipation of cyproconazole and quinalphos on/in grapes

The persistence of cyproconazole and quinalphos on/in grapes was investigated when both compounds were applied to vines at the locally recommended application frequencies and rates and at double these rates, using commercially available formulations. Residues of cyproconazole applied at recommended and double the recommended rates of application in/on grapes immediately after the last application were 0-049 (±0.034) and 0.077 (±0.008) mg kg^?1, respectively, reduced to 0.011 (±0.003) and 0.018 (±0.010) mg kg^?1 respectively seven days after the last application. The corresponding residue levels of quinalphos immediately following the last application were 1.42 (±0.10) and 3.36 (±0.07) mg kg^?1, reduced to 0.043 (±0.002) and 0.072 (±0.028) mg kg^?1 respectively 21 days after the last application. Cyproconazole, being systemic, is rapidly absorbed by the grape tissues and its residues dissipate with a half-life of three to four days, while quinalphos, being non-systemic, dissipates faster with a half-life of two or three days. The residues of both pesticides were analysed by a GLC-NPD system.     

Genome-based PCR Primers for Specific and Sensitive Detection and Quantification of Xylella fastidiosa

Xylella fastidiosa is an important pathogen of many commercial crops. Detection of X. fastidiosa is difficult due to low concentrations of the bacteria in insects and asymptomatic plant tissue, and non-uniform distribution in infected plants. A dual purpose conventional PCR and quantitative PCR (TaqMan™) system was developed for the generic detection of X. fastidiosa strains. Primers HL5 and HL6, designed to amplify a unique region common to the sequenced genomes of four Xylella strains, amplified a 221 bp fragment from strains associated with Pierce’s disease of grapes, almond leaf scorch, and oleander leaf scorch disease and from DNA from an Xf strain associated with citrus variegated chlorosis. Standard curves were obtained using concentrations of Xylella ranging from 5 to 10⁵ cells per reaction in water and grape extracts and 10–10⁵ cells in insect DNA. Regression curves were similar, with correlation coefficients of r ² > 0.97. In quantitative PCR, C_t values ranged between 20 and 36 cycles for 5–10⁵ bacterial cells per reaction. No amplicons were obtained with several non-Xf bacterial strains tested including related plant pathogenic, grape endophytic bacteria and endosymbiotic bacteria isolated from glassy-winged sharpshooters. The method was evaluated for clinical diagnosis of Xf in grapes, almonds and insect vectors. The procedure described is reliable for detection of the pathogen with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity.