Incongruity in the interspecific crosses of Vitis L. Reproductive expression in the F1 progeny

Summary F₁ progeny from three classes of crosses were studied for indications of incongruity in the form of reproductive dysfunction. Percent fruit set was found to be approximately equivalent to the additive inverse of percent aborted flowers, as the effect of shot berries was small and not significant. In interspecific crosses, barriers were manifested as reduced fruit set and seed number per berry. These two characters were used to create an index of reproductive efficiency. Nine F₁s from crosses of most divergent class, V. riparia × V. vinifera (R × V), displayed significantly tower reproductive efficiency, percent fruit set, and seed number per berry. Four female F₁s from the least divergent class, V. riparia × V. riparia (R × R), had the highest reproductive efficiency, percent fruit set and seed number per berry, when pollinated by two V. riparia pollen sources. Seventeen F₁s from the highly-intercrossed class, V. riparia × French Hybrid (R × FH), displayed intermediate levels of reproductive efficiency, percent fruit set, and seed number per berry. The R × FH class involved V. vinifera, V. rupestris, V. aestivalis, V. labrusca, V. berlandieri, V. cinerea, and V. riparia. It is proposed that the complex intercrossing in the pedigrees of the R × FH class ameliorated incongruity. In the most divergent class, R × V, progenies of one of the V. riparia parents displayed fewer incongruity effects than progenies of the other V. riparia parents. Progeny testing of many proposed parental combinations may be used to uncover useful congruent combinations.Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Scientific Journal Series No. 20835     

无核葡萄与中国野生葡萄杂种胚发育和败育的细胞学研究

测定了无核葡萄品种及其杂种胚珠和浆果不同发育时期的重量和纵横径,并对其进行了细胞学观察。结果表明:(1)不同葡萄品种及杂种组合的胚发育、败育时期不同。(2)无核葡萄及其杂种的胚珠重量和纵横径增加到一定阶段时停止,而浆果在胚珠停止发育时仍继续发育。(3)细胞学观察发现,无核葡萄、有核葡萄及其杂种胚的发育都经历合子胚→多细胞时期→小球形胚→大球形胚→心形胚→鱼雷胚→成熟胚的各个时期。(4)胚败育的主要原因是合子胚发育不良,珠心、珠被细胞提早解体退化;胚乳不分裂或只进行1～2次分裂;授粉、受精不良。因此,在胚珠发育停止前,重量和纵横径最大且胚发育为心形胚时,对无核葡萄及其杂种进行胚挽救易获成功。     

葡萄与葡萄酒单萜化合物的研究进展

 单萜化合物是葡萄与葡萄酒中一类典型香气成分,以游离态和结合态形式存在。重点阐述了葡萄果实单萜化合物的生物合成途径及其关键酶——单萜合成酶的研究进展,葡萄果实与葡萄酒中的单萜化合物及其影响因素,糖苷结合态单萜化合物的结构、含量及其分析方法,并对单萜化合物的研究前景进行了展望。     

盐碱胁迫对两个葡萄品种光合作用-光响应特性的影响

在3种不同盐碱胁迫:低度、中度、重度盐碱胁迫条件下,分析了葡萄品种“克瑞森”和“青提”2 a生叶片的光合作用-光响应特性、叶绿素含量及长势情况.结果表明:“克瑞森”、“青提”光合作用-光响应曲线符合非直角双曲线模型.盐碱胁迫没有降低2个葡萄品种的光合能力,而是增强其光合能力,表观量子效率AQY值的上升表明盐碱胁迫下2个葡萄品种对光的响应敏感性较强,对弱光的利用能力较高.净光合速率(Pn)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、叶绿素含量及长势情况说明“青提”较“克瑞森”具有更强的盐碱适应性能力.同时,2种葡萄在受到盐碱胁迫后其净光合速率的降低不是由于气孔的关闭引起CO2供应不足造成的,而是受强光下光抑制的加强等非气孔限制因素的影响,包括叶肉阻力增大、羧化酶活性和RuBP再生速率降低等.     

葡萄新品种——醉人香的选育

醉人香是由巨峰和卡氏玫瑰杂交后代中选出的中晚熟优良鲜食葡萄新品种,该杂交组合于1985年进行,1993年开始结果。果粒卵圆形,单穗质量700 g,单粒质量9 g,最大单粒质量11 g,可溶性固形物含量18%以上,酸甜适口。最突出特点是具有浓郁的草莓香和玫瑰香味。在甘肃兰州地区9月上旬成熟。植株生长势强,枝条结果率高,丰...     

Intergeneric relationships in the Australian Vitaceae: new evidence from cpDNA analysis

Taxa related to important agricultural species are likely to contain a considerable amount of potentially valuable genetic diversity. Nevertheless, before breeding programs or gene discovery projects can be initiated it is important to understand the phylogenetic relationships between the species involved. A component of a major gene discovery project in grapes at the Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics (Southern Cross University, Australia) is directed at the discovery of novel genes in native Vitaceae. As a result a study was conducted in order to assess the phylogenetic relationships between V. vinifera and the native members of the three major Australian genera: Cayratia, Cissus and Tetrastigma. CpDNA sequence analysis (from the trnL intron) adequately resolved intergeneric relationship between the majority of the species studied and provided some useful new information on the phylogenetic relationships within the Vitaceae. This preliminary project identified two species, C. hypoglauca and C. sterculiifolia, as being closely related to V. vinifera and worthy of further in-depth investigation.     

肉鸡标准化规模养殖发展现状

综述了近年来肉鸡标准化规模养殖的最新技术研究和发展动态,并针对我国目前发展肉鸡标准化规模养殖提出了相关建议。     

不同生长调节剂配方对夏黑葡萄果实经济性状的影响

以4年生夏黑葡萄为试材,研究了不同生长调节剂配方对增大花穗、提高着果率及果实膨大的作用及其对夏黑葡萄经济性状的影响。结果表明:GA3与6-BA组合比单独使用GA3效果好,生长调节剂最佳配方为花前7～10天用GA35mg/L+6-BA 10mg/L增大花穗,花后3天用GA325mg/L+6-BA 20mg/L保果,花后10～15天用GA325mg/L+CPPU 2mg/L促进果实膨大。     

黑龙江省市县林区主要树种材种出材率表的编制

采集了4168株编表样木数据,按原林业部"林业基础数表标准化技术业务组"推荐的"可变出材率表"的编制方法,利用样木的测径数据建立削度方程,编制了黑龙江市县林区主要树种一元材种出材率表。经检验,本出材率表精度较高、适用性强,可供生产经营单位、管理部门和科学研究使用。     

酿酒葡萄膜下滴灌土壤水分分布规律的研究

[目的]研究膜下滴灌条件下不同灌溉定额对酿酒葡萄土壤水分的动态变化规律的影响.[方法]通过田间试验,以不覆膜为对照,研究覆膜条件下酿酒葡萄不同生育期土壤水分动态变化规律.[结果]覆膜能有效保证土壤水分不易散失.土壤水分大多集中在20～60 cm的深度.7～8月是葡萄生长发育旺盛和葡萄果实膨大、着色、成熟的关键时期.[结论]膜下滴灌是保证葡萄增产节水的重要措施.保持20 ～60 cm土层适宜的土壤含水量是葡萄生产的重要因素.7～8月应适时加大灌溉量并缩短灌水周期,满足葡萄生长的需要.