迁西县退耕还林的效益分析

退耕还林工程是我国为解决水土流失、土地沙化等生态环境问题而采取的重大举措,也为我国的林业建设发挥了巨大的作用。本文以河北省迁西县为例,采用实地调查和问卷调查相结合的方式,分析和研究迁西县在退耕还林工程实施前后的各项效益,包括生态效益、经济效益和社会效益,结果显示,退耕还林在迁西县林业发展中取得了显著效益。     

Influences of forest tending works on carbon distribution and cycling in a Pinus densiflora S. et Z. stand in Korea

This study was conducted to determine carbon (C) dynamics following forest tending works (FTW) which are one of the most important forest management activities conducted by Korean forest police and managers. We measured organic C storage (above- and below-ground biomass C, forest floor C, and soil C at 50 cm depth), soil environmental factors (soil CO₂ efflux, soil temperature, soil water content, soil pH, and soil organic C concentration), and organic C input and output (litterfall and litter decomposition rates) for one year in FTW and non-FTW (control) stands of approximately 40-year-old red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) forests in the Hwangmaesan Soopkakkugi model forest in Sancheonggun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. This forest was thinned in 2005 as a representative FTW practice. The total C stored in tree biomass was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the FTW stand (40.17 Mg C ha⁻¹) than in the control stand (64.52 Mg C ha⁻¹). However, C storage of forest floor and soil layers measured at four different depths was not changed by FTW, except for that at the surface soil depth (0–10 cm). The organic C input due to litterfall and output due to needle litter decomposition were both significantly lower in the FTW stand than in the control stand (2.02 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ vs. 2.80 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 308 g C kg⁻¹ year⁻¹ vs. 364 g C kg⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively, both P < 0.05). Soil environmental factors were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by FTW, except for soil CO₂ efflux rates and organic C concentration at soil depth of 0–20 cm. The mean annual soil CO₂ efflux rates were the same in the FTW (0.24 g CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹) and control (0.24 g CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹) stands despite monthly variations of soil CO₂ efflux over the one-year study period. The mean soil organic C concentration at a soil depth of 0–20 cm was lower in the FTW stand (81.3 g kg⁻¹) than in the control stand (86.4 g kg⁻¹) but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). In contrast, the mean soil temperature was significantly higher, the mean soil water content was significantly lower, and the soil pH was significantly higher in the FTW stand than in the control stand (10.34 °C vs. 8.98 °C, 48.2% vs. 56.4%, and pH 4.83 vs. pH 4.60, respectively, all P < 0.05). These results indicated that FTW can influence tree biomass C dynamics, organic C input and output, and soil environmental factors such as soil temperature, soil water content and soil pH, while soil C dynamics such as soil CO₂ efflux rates and soil organic C concentration were little affected by FTW in a red pine stand.     

雷达-雨量计-粒子激光探测仪联合估测辽宁试验区降水量业务系统

利用雷达-雨量计-粒子激光探测仪联合校准法,设计了雷达-雨量计-粒子激光探测仪联合估测辽宁试验区降水量业务系统。结果表明,该系统可以提高缺乏雨量计或雨量计网密度较小地区降水量的观测精度,更好地预测洪涝、风暴等灾害的范围和强度。     

生态因子对缘管浒苔氮、磷吸收速率的影响

采用光照、pH值、盐度和温度等生态因子对缘管浒苔N、P吸收速率的影响进行研究,试图探讨缘管浒苔用于优化虾塘养殖环境的可行性。结果表明：光照、pH值、盐度和温度等生态因子对缘管浒苔N、P吸收速率的影响显著。在0～1000lx光强范围内,缘管浒苔对DIN、DIP的吸收速率随光强的增加而增大,1000～5000lx光强范围内,其对DIN、DIP的吸收速率较大,平均为（0.00030±0.0012）μmol.g-1.h-1,（0.00156±0.0011）μmol.g-1.h-1,超过5000lx时,其对DIN、DIP的吸收速率显著下降;在7.0～9.0的pH范围内,缘管浒苔对DIP、DIN的吸收速率较大,平均为（0.00012±0.0012）μmol.g-1.h-1,（0.00168±0.00142）μmol.g-1.h-1,而在这个范围之外,其对DIP、DIN的吸收速率下降显著;在15～25的盐度范围内,缘管浒苔对DIP、DIN的吸收速率较大,其对DIP、DIN的吸收速率均在盐度为15时最大,分别为（0.00021±0.00005）μmol.g-1.h-1,（0.0055±0.0006）μmol.g-1.h-1;在20～35℃范围内,缘管浒苔对N、P的吸收速率较高,35℃时对P的吸收速率达到最大值（0.00056±0.0026）μmol.g-1.h-1,30℃时对N的吸收速率达到最大值（0.02456±0.00011）μmol.g-1.h-1,而在这个范围之外,其吸收速率明显下降。     

The effects of dietary fiber level on nutrient digestibility in growing pigs

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of total dietary fiber level on nutrient digestibility and the relationship between apparent total tract digestibility of total dietary fiber, and soluble dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber and available energy. Sugar beet pulp was as the only fiber source. The experiment was designed as a 6 x 6 Latin square with an adaptation period of 7 d followed by a 5-d total collection of feces and urine. Feed intake tended to decrease （P =0.] O） as total dietary fiber level increased. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy decreased （P 〈0.0]） when total dietary fiber increased but the digestibility of soluble dietary fiber and insoluble dietary fiber increased （P 〈0.01）. The digestible energy and metabolizable energy content of diets decreased （P 〈0.01） as the total dietary fiber increased.     

山东规模化养殖场毛皮动物多重感染病原学分析

2012—2013年间,山东10个地市多家毛皮动物养殖场养殖的毛皮动物（狐狸、貉子、水貂）出现腹泻,皮肤湿疹,神经症状,空怀、流产、出血性肺炎等症状和病变类似的疫情,为探明其病因,本研究对发病规模化毛皮动物养殖场发病情况进行调查,并对送检的病料进行病原学检查,结果发现,犬瘟热病毒、细小病毒、阿留申病毒感染率分别为54.21%、47.30%、31.35%;肺炎克雷伯菌、奇异变形杆菌、肺炎双球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门杆菌、绿脓杆菌、加德纳菌的感染率分别为37.58%、25.05%、21.81%、14.04%、12.53%、10.37%、8.21%;犬瘟热病毒、细小病毒、阿留申病毒、肺炎克雷伯菌、奇异变形杆菌、肺炎双球菌6种病原的单独感染、二重感染、三重感染、四重感染分别为22.03%、39.52%、36.07%、2.38%,未见五重以上的感染。结果表明,近两年造成山东规模化场毛皮动物发病主要原因是由犬瘟热病毒、细小病毒、阿留申病毒与肺炎克雷伯菌、奇异变形杆菌、肺炎双球菌多重感染所致,这为规模化毛皮动物养殖场有效地控制疫病提供了理论依据。     

藏北高寒植被地上生物量与土壤环境因子的关系

用样带法研究藏北高寒植被地上生物量与土壤环境因子之间的关系,对高寒植被地上生物量和7个土壤指标进行相关性分析和回归分析,结果表明:高寒草原到高寒荒漠植被,群落组成逐渐趋于简单化.土壤环境因子影响高寒植被地上生物量,0～10cm土层的土壤有机碳、有效氮、全磷和速效磷与高寒植被地上生物量极显著正相关(P<0.01);10～20cm土层的土壤总有机碳和全磷与高寒植被地上生物量极显著正相关(P<0.01);20～30cm土层的土壤各环境因子与高寒植被地上生物量的关系均未达到显著水平.     

Clinical Therapeutic Effect of Praziquantel Injection on Buffalo Schistosomiasis

To observe the clinical therapeutic effect of 30% praziquantel injection on buffalo schistosomiasis, the sick buffalos naturally infected with Schistosoma japonicum were selected by miracidium hatching method. In experimental clinical trials, sick buffalos were randomly divided into five groups, high-dose (20 mg/kg), middle-dose (10 mg/kg) and low-dose (5 mg/kg) praziquantel injection groups, praziquantel tablet group (30 mg/kg) and positive control group. After the treatment of 30 d, the negative conversion rate of miracidium were 100.0%, 100.0%, 77.8% and 85.7%, respectively, in praziquantel injection groups with the high, middle and low dose and oral medication group. In expanded clinical trials, the sick buffalos were randomly divided into two groups, praziquantel injection group (10 mg/kg, i.m.) and praziquantel tablet group (30 mg/kg). The results showed that, the negative conversion rate of miracidium were all 100% in the former 52 patients and the latter 6 patients after 30 d. The research confirmed that praziquantel injection was significantly effective in the treatment of buffalo schistosomiasis and convenient for administration. It was concluded that 30% praziquantel injection could replace the traditional oral praziquantel tablet for the treatment of buffalo schistosomiasis, and the recommended dose was 10 mg/kg.     

鸡舍环境耐药细菌气溶胶及其向环境传播的研究

通过对舍内粪便、空气和舍外环境(10、50、100m)中的空气分离到的细菌鉴定，包括细菌DNA分子生物学检测及药物敏感实验以及细菌含量统计学分析，证明三者之间存在着内在联系；舍内环境微生物气溶胶包括耐药细菌通过舍内外气体交换排往鸡舍周围环境，舍周边环境在一定范围内受到生物污染。研究显示，在粪便、舍内空气、舍外环境10、50、100m空气中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌80％以上对氯霉素(CMP)和对苯唑青霉素(OXA)耐药；粪便和舍内外环境空气中的80％以上的大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌对氨苄青霉素(AMP）、氯霉素(CMP)、头孢唑啉(CFZ)均为抑制。证明该鸡舍曾经使用过这些药物治疗或作为添加剂在饲料中添加，鸡群产生了耐药细菌菌株，并向环境传播。测量数据统计结果指出，十里河鸡场鸡舍内环境空气中的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌与舍外环境中相应菌群含量比较差异显著或极显著(P＜0．05或P＜0．01)，但舍外10、50、100m之间的相应菌群比较差异不显著(P＞0．05)，这说明鸡舍内环境细菌气溶胶含量产生多，含量高，菌源强度大；另一方面，反应了鸡舍内环境微生物气溶胶包括耐药细菌能向舍外环境扩散，位舍外环境在一定的范围内受到动物源性生物污染，影响范围大于100m。通过对鸡舍环境微生物气溶胶来源的探讨发现，粪便中的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌与舍内空气相应菌群数量关系比较，呈现正相关(r=0.99)。这从一个侧面揭示了粪便可能是微生物气溶胶的主要来源。     

西北地区退耕还林工程对粮食生产与农民生计的影响

[目的]评估西北地区退耕还林工程对粮食生产与农民收入的影响,为西北地区退耕还林工程实施的有效性和可行性提供依据。[方法]以西北地区各省(区)退耕还林面积、粮食播种面积、粮食产量、农民纯收入、黄河流域径流量和土壤侵蚀总量为基础数据,运用SPSS及Excel数据库技术开展分析。[结果]退耕还林直接造成西北地区粮播面积减少,粮食总产量下降,但农民纯收入逐年增加;退耕还林面积大小与粮播面积大小和粮食产量多少呈负相关关系,与农民纯收入呈正相关关系;黄河流域径流量随着退耕还林面积的增加而增加,二者呈正相关关系;土壤侵蚀量随着退耕还林面积的增加而减少,二者之间呈负相关关系。[结论]退耕还林生态工程对西北地区粮食生产的影响不大,促进农户增收的同时起到了保持水土,改善生态环境的重要作用。