Effects of Soil Conditions on the Prevalence of Netted Scab

Abstract

In two field trial series different planting techniques, used to alter soil conditions at planting time, and rates of seed infection with netted scab were compared regarding their effects on plant development, yield, tuber size distribution and the prevalence of netted scab in the progeny. A greenhouse pot experiment was also carried out to study the influence of soil contamination and infection of seed with the netted scab organism on the prevalence of netted scab in the progeny. Both seed infection and planting technique affected the progeny tuber infection with netted scab. Seed infection also negatively influenced plant development and yield. It is concluded that seed infection affects plant development and yield more than soil contamination does, whereas soil contamination is more an important source of progeny tuber infection.     

The relationship between common scab severity and reducing sugar contents in the peel of potato tubers

Summary Total sugar, reducing sugar, glucose, fructose, and sucrose of scabbed (Streptomyces scabies) and scab-free harvested tubers of several potato cultivars were analysed in four portions (pell and tube flesh separtely, from basal and apical halves), and also in small whole growing tubers. The peel of scabby harvested tubes had higher reducing sugar (glucose and fructose) contents than that of corresponding scab-free tubers. The sugar contents in the flesh and in small growing tubers did not show significant difference beween the scabbed and scab-free state. Tubers of scab-susceptible cultivars had more scab and a higher reducing sugar content than those of resistant cultivars. The results indicate that the contents of reducing sugar (glucose and fructose) in tuber peel are positively correlated with scab severity.     

链霉菌-XY52代谢产物对小瓜虫的体外杀灭活性研究

[目的]研究链霉菌发酵代谢产物对小瓜虫幼虫和包囊的杀灭活性.[方法]通过不同极性溶剂回流提取链霉菌发酵液,制备粗提物,进行杀灭小瓜虫幼虫和包囊的药效活性试验,并对活性部位进行安全性评价.[结果]链霉菌发酵液的乙酸乙酯和正丁醇提取物体外杀幼虫效果明显高于其他组别,其对小瓜虫幼虫的半数致死浓度分别为48.2和15.5 mg/L,正丁醇提取物浓度为30.0 mg/L时对小瓜虫包囊杀灭率为100％.急性毒性试验结果表明,正丁醇提取物对草鱼的48h半致死浓度为(LC50)为195.0 mg/L,其安全浓度为48.7 mg/L.[结论]链霉菌-XY52代谢产物有望开发为一种比较安全的杀虫候选药物.     

紫外诱变吸水链霉菌选育高产农用抗生素菌株

[目的]为抗生素产生菌在农业生产中的应用奠定基础。[方法]以小麦赤霉菌为指示菌,以从吸水链霉菌海南变种S101菌株分离到的S510菌株为出发菌株,经紫外诱变后分别采用琼脂块法和二级摇瓶复筛法对其进行初筛和复筛,以选育出高产菌株,分析发酵培养基pH值和培养时间对发酵液效价的影响。[结果]当发酵培养基的pH值为5.5~6.5时,发酵液效价较高,最适pH值为6.0。发酵液的效价在72 h后可维持在较稳定的范围内,最佳发酵时间为96 h。通过连续2次紫外诱变,菌株的产抗生素能力比初始菌株提高了30.06%。将获得菌株在斜面培养基上连续传代5次后,仍有稳定的遗传性状。[结论]采用紫外诱变法选育该链霉菌是有效的。     

响应面法优化链霉菌702产抑真菌物质生料发酵培养基

用响应面分析方法对链霉菌702产抑真菌物质生料发酵培养基进行了研究。实验首先利用部分重复因子试验筛选出链霉菌702发酵产抑真菌物质的关键因素为玉米淀粉和蛋白胨,其次利用最陡爬坡试验逼近最大响应区,最后利用中心组合设计及响应曲面分析确定关键因素的最佳浓度。通过优化得到玉米淀粉和蛋白胨的最适浓度分别为16.83 g/L、8.64 g/L,在优化后的培养基中链霉菌702产抑真菌物质效价达到1 214.52μg/mL,比优化前789.41μg/mL提高了53.85%。     

抗烟草青枯病拮抗菌的筛选及抑菌活性研究

[目的]为了筛选能有效防治烟草青枯病的生防菌株。[方法]对从土壤中分离到的链霉菌产生的次生代谢产物的抑菌活性和理化性质采用管碟法进行了测定。[结果]离体条件下,发酵液具有耐热性,在100℃以下仍具有较强的抑菌活性。在一定的pH值范围内(pH值3.8～9.0),拮抗能力无明显差异,其中在接近中性条件下拮抗活性较强。拮抗物质经胰蛋白酶处理后,拮抗活性亦无明显变化。经终浓度为2 mol/L(NH4)2SO4处理过的粗发酵液,其上清液与沉淀均具有拮抗活性,沉淀经SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳检测证明其拮抗物质具有蛋白质性质。[结论]1#链霉菌具有很好的开发研究价值。     

Enhanced resistance to common scab of potato through somatic cell selection in cv. Iwa with the phytotoxin thaxtomin A

A somatic cell selection approach, developed using thaxtomin A as a positive selection agent, recovered 113 potato cell colonies of cv. Iwa from which 39 regenerated plants within a single subculture period. In glasshouse pathogenicity trials, 13 of these regenerated variants exhibited significantly greater resistance to common scab disease than the unselected parent cultivar, both in mean tuber surface coverage with lesions and the proportion of disease free tubers. The best variant had on average an 85–86% lower disease score (or 91–92% less estimated tuber surface cover) than the unselected parent cultivar. The disease-resistant variants varied in their response to thaxtomin A in detached leaflet and tuber slice bioassays. This suggested that the cell selection procedure and thaxtomin A screening had limited success in selecting for toxin tolerance, and that thaxtomin A tolerance was not necessarily the driving factor for induction of disease resistance observed. Variation in relative necrosis scores between leaflet and tuber assays for individual variants possibly suggests differential expression of thaxtomin A tolerance in the different tissues. Yield estimates from the glasshouse grown potatoes showed the majority of disease-resistant variants had tuber yields equivalent to the unselected parent cultivar. This suggests that selection for disease resistance was not associated with negative tuber yield attributes and that these variants may have commercial merit and are worthy of further agronomic testing.     

烟草根围土壤对主要烟草病害的拮抗放线菌株筛选及其鉴定

从采自我国烟草主要产区的38份土壤样品中分离获得放线菌296株.采用平板对峙培养法从中筛选出对烟草青枯病菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)和黑胫病菌(Phytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae)有拮抗活性的菌株227株,其中对青枯病菌拮抗活性较高的YYD3-17、YYD3-19、YYD3-29、YYD3-32和HLL4-9菌株抑菌圈直径达45 mm以上;对黑胫病菌拮抗活性较高的BXⅡ3-1、BXⅡ5-4、BXⅡ5-5、BXI21-1和YYD1-4菌株抑菌圈直径达25 mm以上.依据前人的研究成果,对这10株放线菌进行初步坚定,结果显示它们均属于链霉菌属(Strepto myces spp.).其中YYD3-17、YYD3-19、YYD3-29和YYD3-32属于灰红紫类群;BXⅡ3-1、BXI21-1同属于吸水类群;而BXⅡ5-4、BXⅡ5-5、YYD1-4和HLL4-9分属白色亚群、白孢亚群、金色亚群和绿色亚群.BXⅡ5-4和BXⅡ5-5分别被坚定为白色链霉菌种(S.albus)和阿布拉链霉菌种(S.aburviensis).     

Accumulation of mineral elements in tuber periderm of potato cultivars differing in susceptibility to common scab

Summary Concentrations of Ca, P, K, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were determined in healthy tuber peelings of cultivars less (Karin, Santé and Symfonia) and more (Agria, Désirée and Tomensa) susceptible to common scab when grown at two sites that differed in the level of scab incidence. The accumulation of some elements was significantly influenced by site, year, cultivar, maturity and the age of tuber periderm. At both sites, Ca and P in periderm tissue declined but Mg increased during the growing season. The Ca/P ratios in tuber periderm of all cultivars greatly decreased 83 days after planting. Concentrations of mineral elements measured at harvest may not reflect conditions present during the infection period, and consequently may not be related to scab incidence or severity.     

农抗链霉菌BM10菌株的初步研究

[目的]开发农用抗生素新品种。[方法]对该实验室2005年从海南霸王岭原始森林土壤中分离筛选获得的BM10生防菌株进行分类鉴定,并测定其抑菌活性。[结果]链霉菌BM10菌株的孢子丝形态、生理生化特性和细胞壁化学组分与Streptomyces albogriseus基本一致,但在菌落颜色、产黑色素和棉子糖利用等方面存在不同。BM10菌株与Streptomyces albogriseus的16SrDNA序列同源性为99.67%。[结论]初步判定BM10菌株为白浅灰链霉菌的新菌株。