核果类果树主要性状遗传变异规律研究进展

该文综述了核果类果树主要性状的遗传趋势,主要包括植物学性状、生物学性状,果实经济性状等方面的遗传规律研究,以期为核果类果树杂交育种中亲本的选配提供理论依据。同时,对今后的研究方向提出建议。     

核果类果树转基因研究进展

综述了近年来国内外核果类果树转基因的研究进展,涉及的内容有:用农杆菌转化核果类果树中难生根种类,获得易繁殖的转化植物;转移病毒外壳蛋白基因和杀菌毒性肽基因以提高抗病性;转移细胞分裂素基因和光敏素基因改良品种或砧木生长特性,培育紧密型的、短枝的、矮化半矮化的新品种;转移抗冻基因提高抗霜冻性;通过反义转基因技术调节果实的成熟,获得耐贮运的新性状,以及核果类果树基因转化技术的发展等方面。     

Peach ripening: Segregation at harvest and postharvest flesh softening

The peach melting flesh cultivars ‘Ryan Sun’ and ‘Sweet September’ and the non-melting, ‘Kakamas’ were harvested according to their visually assessed ground color and divided into four, ripeness classes (M1, M2, M3, and M4). The following aspects were determined: fruit mass, soluble, solids content (SSC), ground skin hue angle (h°) and chroma (C*), the absorbance difference at 670 nm and, 720 nm index (I_AD), and the texture (fruit firmness measured with a needle, flesh firmness measured, with a 7.9 mm plunger, and uniaxial compression strength). Considering that in peaches, the h° of the, ground color and the I_AD are maturity indicators closely associated with ripeness and particularly with, flesh firmness, the texture parameters and their relationship to h° and I_AD were examined. The visual, assessment of the ground color was validated as the criterion for sorting the ripeness levels in peaches, as confirmed by h° and I_AD. Fruit firmness assessed with the needle and that with the 7.9 mm plunger, were highly correlated with each other and with the h° and I_AD, whereas the compression strength, exhibited less correlation with the optical properties of the skin. The non-melting ‘Kakamas’ showed, the poorest correlation between texture and h° and I_AD. Comparing both optical properties, the I_AD, showed a higher correlation with texture features than the h°. In a second experiment, fruit from the M3 ripeness class was maintained in a ripening chamber (20 °C, and 80% RH) until the flesh was softened for consumption. During postharvest, the first two principal, components of a principal component analysis explained 85% of the total variance of the texture, components and the optical properties of the skin. PC1 (67.2%) was defined positively by the texture, parameters and I_AD. The h° of the ground color was negatively related to all texture parameters, and, I_AD. PC2 (17.8%) was associated positively with the juice content, and this parameter proved to be, independent of all others.     

高Se石煤粉对天麻中Se·Zn·Pb·Cd含量的影响

研究了在天麻生长基质中添加高Se石煤粉对天麻中Se富集作用的影响,以及对天麻吸收Zn、Cd、Pb等元素的影响。结果表明:在添加高Se石煤粉0～20g/kg浓度范围内,天麻能有效地富集Se;并且可促进天麻对微量元素Zn的富集,还能拮抗污染元素Cd和Pb的积累。     

Effects of kaolin-based particle film to control Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) infestations and postharvest decay in citrus and stone fruit

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) is a major pest of fruit crops due to its wide host range and distribution. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of Surround WP, a kaolin-based particle film, as an alternative to synthetic insecticides to control medfly infestations and postharvest decay in citrus and stone fruit. No-choice, choice and half-choice laboratory experiments with citrus fruit, nectarines and peaches showed a significant reduction of medfly punctures and landings on kaolin-treated fruit. The total loss at harvest in satsumas sprayed with Surround WP (17%) was significantly lower than in those untreated (57%) or treated with trichlorfon (68%). In 2004, the yield loss at harvest in peaches and nectarines treated with Surround WP was not different compared to fruit sprayed with fenthion and trichlorfon, while in 2005 Surround WP was significantly more effective than insecticides in reducing the incidence of damaged fruit. Citrus and stone fruit treated with Surround WP showed a lower incidence of postharvest decay than control and insecticide-treated fruit. The present study shows for the first time the lower incidence of postharvest decay in fruit protected with Surround WP, which represents a suitable alternative to conventional insecticides in integrated and traditionally managed orchards.     

石鲽、牙鲆精子冷冻保存研究及其在人工杂交中的应用

对石鲽(Kareius bicoloratus )和牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)精子冷冻保存技术进行了研究,筛选到一个优良的稀释液MPRS,用MPRS冷冻保存石鲽、牙鲆精子,冻后成活率在70%以上。在石鲽冻精和牙鲆卵的杂交实验中,杂交组受精率是 28 4%±4 55(n=3),孵化率是 42 7%±7 35(n=3),胚胎发育正常;5 000尾杂交鱼苗有102尾成功度过变态期。在牙鲆冻精和大菱鲆卵的杂交实验中,杂交组的受精率只有2 7%,部分受精卵虽能孵化出膜,但仔鱼全为畸形。这两个杂交实验,特别是石鲽冻精和牙鲆卵的杂交实验,证实了冷冻保存的精子完全可以应用在杂交育种工作中。     

巴西橡胶树树皮厚壁组织结构和发育研究

植物中的厚壁组织对植株起着重要的支持和保护作用,但目前对橡胶树树皮中该组织的研究较少。以无性系RY7-33-97不同发育阶段的萌条以及无性系PB86、PR107、RY8-79定植7年的树干树皮为材料,利用光学显微技术对树皮中厚壁组织的结构和发育进行较为系统的研究。结果表明,幼嫩萌条的树皮中仅有纤维组织,根据其所在位置可分为皮层纤维和初生韧皮纤维。皮层纤维数量较少,分散分布在皮层中;而初生韧皮纤维常由2~3层纤维细胞形成完整的纤维带围绕在初生韧皮部外侧。成龄大树树皮中仅观察到短石细胞,常成团分布,这些石细胞由薄壁细胞通过同心环的方式木质化加厚细胞壁发育形成。石细胞的内腔中常积累红褐色物质和结晶体,有的石细胞外包有晶鞘。在PB86、PR107、RY8-79三个无性系中,石细胞在树皮中的分布和石细胞壁的厚度具有明显的品系特征。最早出现的石细胞列到砂皮外层这一范围内,石细胞团排列最紧密的是PR107,面积比例为28.9%;其次是PB86,为27.4%;RY8-79中的石细胞团少而稀疏,仅12%,极显著低于PR107和PB86。在PR107中,石细胞壁的厚度最大,约为14μm;PB86和RY8-79则分别为9和7.8μm,可见,石细胞壁的厚度PR107极显著高于PB86和RY8-79。这些石细胞的特征可能与不同品系树皮的抗压、抗风能力、割胶难易程度相关,对橡胶树树皮厚壁组织尤其是石细胞的研究将为橡胶树选育种中副性状的选择提供依据。     

则岔石林风景区针叶树病害种类调查及其防治对策

2003-2012年，对甘肃省尕海-则岔国家级自然保护区内则岔石林风景区针叶树病害进行长期跟踪调查，结果发现有针叶树类病害达10余种。根据调查结果，提出了加强管理、清除病原、定期喷药及施放烟剂、严格检疫、加强病情监测等预防措施，可以及时防治和减少针叶树病害的发生。     

论“元四家”画理与明清私家园林叠石文化

"元四家"是元代文人画的代表画家,确立了文人画在中国绘画中的主导地位。其画理对明清"南宗山水画"派影响巨大,继而也使与"南宗山水画"有着千丝万缕关系的明清私家园林叠石文化随之发生巨大变化。文章以现存明清私家园林和相关文献为主要研究对象,以文化学、历史学和美学等为理论指导,采用动态的研究方法,从人文画的自然精神、隐文化、画脉和价值取向多元化四个方面分析探讨"元四家"画理及其对明清私家园林叠石文化的生成、发展方向、艺术涵养和实践操作的深厚影响。