白花败酱组织培养及快速繁殖研究

选取长势较好、无病害野生白花败酱植株的茎尖及茎段作为外植体进行组织培养,以MS为基本培养基,设计不同激素浓度配比试验,筛选最佳培养基配方。结果表明:采用0.1%HgCl2对外植体进行消毒,茎尖最佳消毒时间为10 min,茎段为15 min;最佳诱导培养基配方是MS+6-BA 3.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L,诱导率100%,增殖培养基MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA0.2 mg/L,增殖倍数7.8;生根壮苗培养基是MS+NAA 1 mg/L+马铃薯5%。     

甜瓜白茎和黄绿色花冠性状的遗传研究

分别利用白茎变异甜瓜与正常绿茎甜瓜、黄绿色花冠变异甜瓜与正常金黄色花冠甜瓜进行杂交,得到对应的5个世代,并对各自5个世代中的白茎类型与绿茎类型、黄绿色花冠类型与金黄色花冠类型的分离比例进行分析和卡方检验,以验证理论值与观测值间的关系。结果表明,白茎性状在F1代中不表现,在BC1代中绿茎类型与白茎类型的分离比例为1∶1,而在F2代中二者的分离比例为3∶1;黄绿色花冠性状在5个世代中的表现与白茎性状表现一致。由此可以认定甜瓜白茎性状和黄绿色花冠性状都是由单隐性基因控制的。     

大豆茎生长习性类型鉴别方法研究

为找到清楚、简便、准确地鉴别大豆茎生长习性类型的方法,于1988-1997年分别在南京和石家庄,研究了来自不同地区的共1536份品种和6个不同杂交组合F1、F2、F3Bernard标准的茎生长习性类型及有关的11个性状,从中选出有无顶花序(ETIMS)和上部节数相对值(RVNN)作为划分茎生长习性类型的成分性状.划分标准为:(1)有限型,有顶花序,RVNN＜0.2(夏播)或RVNN＜0.25(春播);(2)亚有限型,有顶花序,RVNN≥0.2(夏播)或RVNN≥0.25(春播);(3)无限型,无顶花序,RVNN≥0.2(夏播)或RVNN≥0.25(春播).用该法划分的结果与用Bernard标准划分的结果有很高的一致性,故在田间调查时可以用成分性状法代替Bernard方法.该法鉴定结果明确、稳定,方法简便易行,可在R3～R7期间于田间一次确定.     

Accuracy of the Rotfinder instrument in detecting decay on Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees

Rotfinder is a non-destructive decay-sensing apparatus based on resistance measurements in standing trees. The accuracy of Rotfinder in detecting decay was evaluated in 500 standing trees in three Norway spruce (Picea abies) plots. Trees were measured at three heights, 0.30, 0.66 and 1.30 m. Sections were later inspected for the presence of decay and reaction zones. Inspected trees were mostly infected by Heterobasidion annosum and showed a large variation in the amount of decay present, ranging from 0.1% to 88.0% of the section. Correctly and incorrectly classified trees were compared in terms of ion and element concentration, density and moisture. Measurements at stump level (0.30 m) were more accurate than measurements at breast height (1.30 m) where the reaction zone and decay columns showed lower moisture content. The accuracy of Rotfinder increased when trees with small decay columns were regarded as ‘non-decayed’. When only trees with more than 15% of the section decayed were regarded as ‘decayed’, Rotfinder had an accuracy of 0.86 when performing assessments at stump level. False negatives, as opposed to true positives, corresponded to trees with smaller and drier decay columns, drier reaction zones and lower K⁺ (potassium) concentration in the decay column. False positives corresponded to trees with large sapwood and high sodium content in the sapwood. Rotfinder represents an alternative to the standard method of using increment core observations to assess decay in living trees.     

Ethanol vapor and saprophytic yeast treatments reduce decay and maintain quality of intact and fresh-cut sweet cherries

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of an ethanol vapor release pad and a saprophytic yeast Cryptococcus infirmo-miniatum (CIM) to reduce decay and maintain postharvest quality of intact or fresh-cut sweet cherries (Prunus avium) cv. Lapins and Bing. Intact or fresh-cut fruit were packed in perforated clamshells (capacity 454 g) and stored at 1, 10 or 20 °C for up to 21, 14 and 8 d, respectively. For ethanol treatment, a pad made with silica gel powder containing 10 g ethanol and covered with perforated film, which allows ethanol vapor to diffuse gradually, was attached to the upper lid of the clamshells. Ethanol treatment caused accumulation of ethanol in the packaging headspace, about 10 μL L⁻¹ with little change within 14 d at 1 °C, 23 μL L⁻¹ at d 1 and decreased to 15 μL L⁻¹ at d 10 at 10 °C, and 26 μL L⁻¹ at d 1 and decreased to 13 μL L⁻¹ at d 3 at 20 °C. Ethanol content in fruit was less than 9 mg kg⁻¹ in all the control fruit, and increased to 16, 34 and 43 mg kg⁻¹ in ethanol-treated fruit at 1, 10 and 20 °C, respectively. Nonetheless, a sensory taste panel did not perceive any flavor difference from the ethanol treatment. The ethanol treatment retarded softening, darkening, and acid decrease in fruit as well as discoloration of the stems, and extended shelf-life of intact cherries. Ethanol reduced brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) in fresh-cut cherries stored at 20 °C, but not at 1 and 10 °C. A pre-packaging dip in CIM completely controlled brown rot in inoculated fresh-cut cherries stored at 1 °C, and in naturally infected cherries at 20 °C.     

Plant based indicators for irrigation scheduling in young cherry trees

Using a correlation between trunk diameter fluctuation (TDF) and stem water potential (SWP) it appears possible to determine water deficit threshold values (WDTV) for young cherry trees. This correlation must be based on a significant effect between SWP and at least one variable associated with the vegetative or reproductive growth of the trees. The objectives of this study are: (1) to determine the effect of several irrigation treatments on vegetative and reproductive growth and the SWP of young cherry trees; (2) to determine the correlation between TDF and SWP, and; (3) to propose a first approximation of SWP and TDF water deficit threshold values for young cherry tree plants. The experiment was carried out between September and April of the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 seasons, in Quillota, in the Valparaiso region, central Chile. The irrigation treatments consisted of applications of 50% (T₅₀), 100% (T₁₀₀) and 150% (T₁₅₀) of potential evapotranspiration (ET₀) over the two growing seasons, using a randomized complete block design (RCB). The effect of irrigation scheduling was observed on: apical shoot growth rate (GR_AS), branch cross-sectional area (BCSA), canopy volume (CV), annual length of accumulated growth (AL_AG) and productivity. This effect showed that the T₅₀ treatment caused lower SWP (measured pre-dawn), vegetative growth and productivity. The fruit quality variables (cracking and size) were not affected by the different treatments. Combining the vegetative growth, productivity and SWP results shows that the water deficit threshold value, as a first approximation, is between 50% and 100% of ET₀, and therefore the critical SWP for defining irrigation frequency should be close to −0.5 MPa. Upon applying a post-harvest drought period (14 days without irrigation), a linear correlation was determined both between SWP and maximum daily trunk shrinkage, MDS (R² = 0.69) and between SWP and trunk growth rate, TGR (R² = 0.57). Using these correlations and the SWP reference value, reference values were obtained for MDS (165 μm) and TGR (83 μm day⁻¹), which would permit automated control of water status in young cherry trees.     

马铃薯试管薯诱导影响因子的研究

以马铃薯品种大西洋脱毒试管苗为材料,研究了切段年龄、温度、激素、光照对马铃薯试管薯诱导的影响,在此基础上,进一步研究了蛭石覆盖茎节代替黑暗条件的不同培养方式对马铃薯试管薯诱导的影响。结果表明,结薯与切段的年龄有关,用培养100 d左右的苗即老的切段、白天25℃,夜间18℃的变温、培养基中添加激素6-BA浓度为2.5~5.0 mg/L时,试管薯诱导率高;在上述条件下,将蛭石灭菌后按每瓶30 ml直接倒入原来的培养瓶覆盖试管苗下部茎节2~4节,能够使覆盖茎节处快速生出匍匐茎,最终形成块茎,平均单株结薯1.9个,大大提高了试管薯诱导率。     

棉角斑病对棉花苗、蕾期危害的研究

 近年来,对不同类型棉田角斑病危害调查和以海岛棉为主地病害发生研究,角斑病[Xanthomonas Campestris PV.malvacearum(Smith) Dye]对棉花的危害,以苗、蕾期的顶腐、茎腐最为严重,造成顶梢和茎部黑腐的途径,主要是病菌在棉株组织内的系统侵染。棉子播种试验,毛子播种的棉苗在子叶期就出现病症,脱绒光子的棉苗在真叶3～4片时才出现病害。脱绒光子带有少量的病菌,仍是病害的侵染源,在多雨的气候条件下,可以通过系统侵染和再侵染造成严重危害。     

苹果潜隐病毒(Latent Virus)研究——苹果主栽品种潜隐病毒毒原鉴定

1984—1985年对陕西、甘肃的红星、黄元帅、秦冠、国光和红富士五个苹果主要栽培品种,进行潜隐病毒毒源种类鉴定,其结果是:这些主要栽培品种都普遍带有苹果褪绿叶斑病毒、苹果茎痘病毒和苹果茎沟槽病毒。其潜带率是:褪绿叶斑病毒为70—100%;茎痘病毒为80～100%;茎沟槽病毒为20—40%。     

忙果园病虫害综合治理

本文报道20年树龄的大型杧果园内39种重要害虫和6种病害的综合治理措施,防效及经济效益。大幅度降低每种病虫害的为害,1989年的果实产量和收入比1986年增加11.6倍和16.36倍。