植物病害生防因子的作用机制及应用进展

应用植物病害生防因子是解决化学农药3R问题、促进农业绿色发展的有效途径。本文概述了拮抗微生物、抗生素、植物诱导子等生防因子控制植物病害的作用机制和应用研究进展,分析了生防因子应用存在的问题,并对植物病害生物防治的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

生物菌肥和钾肥配施对苹果钾素吸收及果实品质的影响

为了研究生物菌肥和钾肥对苹果果实品质及生长发育的协同作用,以7 a生'瓦里短枝'(Vallee spur Del)为研究对象,设置T1(K2O 420 kg·hm-2)、T2(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm-2)、T3(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm-2+K2O 294 kg·hm-2)、T4(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm...     

Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms associated with the rhizosphere of mangroves in a semiarid coastal lagoon

 The phosphate-solubilizing potential of the rhizosphere microbial community in mangroves was demonstrated when culture media supplemented with insoluble, tribasic calcium phosphate, and incubated with roots of black (Avicennia germinans L.) and white [Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn.] mangrove became transparent after a few days of incubation. Thirteen phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of both species of mangroves: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus atrophaeus, Paenibacillus macerans, Vibrio proteolyticus, Xanthobacter agilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter taylorae, Enterobacter asburiae, Kluyvera cryocrescens, Pseudomonas stutzeri, and Chryseomonas luteola. One bacterial isolate could not be identified. The rhizosphere of black mangroves also yielded the fungus Aspergillus niger. The phosphate-solubilizing activity of the isolates was first qualitatively evaluated by the formation of halos (clear zones) around the colonies growing on solid medium containing tribasic calcium phosphate as a sole phosphorus source. Spectrophotometric quantification of phosphate solubilization showed that all bacterial species and A. niger solubilized insoluble phosphate well in a liquid medium, and that V. proteolyticus was the most active solubilizing species among the bacteria. Gas chromatographic analyses of cell-free spent culture medium from the various bacteria demonstrated the presence of 11 identified, and several unidentified, volatile and nonvolatile organic acids. Those most commonly produced by different species were lactic, succinic, isovaleric, isobutyric, and acetic acids. Most of the bacterial species produced more than one organic acid whereas A. niger produced only succinic acid. We propose the production of organic acids by these mangrove rhizosphere microorganisms as a possible mechanism involved in the solubilization of insoluble calcium phosphate. Received: 21 April 1999     

根分泌物对根际微生物生态分布的影响

本文从根分泌概念着手 ,依据近 2 0年来国内外有关根分泌研究的一些成果 ,就根分泌物的概念、产生机制进行了综合论述 ,并重点讨论了植物根分泌物对根际微生物代谢、生态分布、病原微生物抑制作用的影响以及土壤环境对根分泌物的影响。     

施肥对日光温室土壤微生物与酶活性变化的影响

在日光温室内,采用田间试验的方法,研究不同施肥处理对西红柿土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明:施有机肥、化肥、有机肥 叶面肥处理土壤磷酸酶活性增加,施化肥 叶面肥处理比施化肥处理土壤磷酸酶活性增加;施有机肥处理土壤脲酶活性增强;施化肥 叶面肥处理土壤磷酸酶活性比施有机肥 叶面肥处理降低;施肥对蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响较小。施有机肥处理土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量增加,施化肥处理土壤细菌数量降低,土壤真菌和放线菌数量增加。     

多氯联苯复合污染土壤的土著微生物修复强化措施研究

通过室内模拟试验,以不同C源、C/N比、水分及通透性为调控因子,对多氯联苯(PCBs)长期复合污染土壤的土著微生物强化修复进行了初步研究。结果表明,PCBs长期复合污染土壤中,在土壤水分含量为田间持水量的60%时,加入淀粉、葡萄糖和琥珀酸钠均在一定程度上增加了细菌和真菌数量,从而促进土壤中PCBs的土著微生物降解。不同种类的C源对PCBs污染土壤的土著微生物降解效果存在明显差异,且其降解效果与C源的施用剂量密切相关。当淀粉加入量为C1.0g/kg土时,土壤中PCBs的降解效果较好,而葡萄糖和琥珀酸钠加入量为C0.2g/kg土时,PCBs的降解效果明显。土壤C/N比为10:1的处理效果优于C/N比为25:1和40:1。土壤人为翻动有利于PCBs污染土壤中细菌和真菌的生长,提高土著微生物的代谢活性,从而促进土壤中PCBs的自然降解。这为进一步探讨加速土壤中PCBs降解的最适条件和研发POPs污染土壤的生物修复技术提供了科学依据。     

Long‐term effects of fertilization on some soil properties under rainfed soybean‐wheat cropping in the Indian Himalayas

This study aims to examine the effects of long‐term fertilization and cropping on some chemical and microbiological properties of the soil in a 32 y old long‐term fertility experiment at Almora (Himalayan region, India) under rainfed soybean‐wheat rotation. Continuous annual application of recommended doses of chemical fertilizer and 10 Mg ha^–1 FYM on fresh‐weight basis (NPK + FYM) to soybean (Glycine max L.) sustained not only higher productivity of soybean and residual wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop, but also resulted in build‐up of total soil organic C (SOC), total soil N, P, and K. Concentration of SOC increased by 40% and 70% in the NPK + FYM–treated plots as compared to NPK (43.1 Mg C ha^–1) and unfertilized control plots (35.5 Mg C ha^–1), respectively. Average annual contribution of C input from soybean was 29% and that from wheat was 24% of the harvestable aboveground biomass yield. Annual gross C input and annual rate of total SOC enrichment from initial soil in the 0–15 cm layer were 4362 and 333 kg C ha^–1, respectively, for the plots under NPK + FYM. It was observed that the soils under the unfertilized control, NK and N + FYM treatments, suffered a net annual loss of 5.1, 5.2, and 15.8 kg P ha^–1, respectively, whereas the soils under NP, NPK, and NPK + FYM had net annual gains of 25.3, 18.8, and 16.4 kg P ha^–1, respectively. There was net negative K balance in all the treatments ranging from 6.9 kg ha^–1 y^–1 in NK to 82.4 kg ha^–1 y^–1 in N + FYM–treated plots. The application of NPK + FYM also recorded the highest levels of soil microbial‐biomass C, soil microbial‐biomass N, populations of viable and culturable soil microbes.     

养殖尾水处理系统填料生物膜氮循环微生物功能特征

为探讨填料生物膜在养殖尾水处理中对水体氮循环的影响机制,采用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序和宏基因组测序技术,对填料生物膜、水体细菌的群落结构及其与氮循环相关的功能基因丰度差异特征进行了研究。结果显示,填料生物膜微生物主要参与氮代谢活动。在属水平上,Pseudomonas、Spirochaeta、Opitutus和Syntrophus是填料生物膜氮素转化过程的重要功能微生物类群。与水体相比,填料生物膜的碳代谢活动能力较强（P<0.05）;填料生物膜上固氮功能基因nifH、硝化功能基因hao、反硝化和异化硝酸盐功能基因napA、nirS、norB、norC、nrfA、nirB和氮代谢调控基因ntrC及其相应的关键酶均显著高于周围水体（P<0.05）,且对含氮污染物有显著去除效果。研究表明,养殖尾水处理系统内复合填料生物膜具有比周围水环境更强的氮周转能力,主要通过关键功能物种介导的固氮和反硝化作用实现养殖尾水氮素的转化和迁移。研究结果作为野外实验证据,可为复合填料生物膜系统在水产养殖尾水治理中的应用提供理论依据。     

连作根系分泌物加剧土传病害的机制和缓解措施研究进展

基于植物-土壤反馈理论,连作体系中的根系分泌物必然在加剧土传病害发生中起重要作用,但相关研究证据尚缺少系统总结。本文梳理了连作导致土传病害加剧的现象以及连作对典型根系分泌物组分的累积。从有利于土传病原菌由土体向根际迁移、增殖和致病（“利病”）、破坏根际有益微生物群落防线（“压益”）和毒害根系免疫系统（“自毒”）等三个方面,揭示连作根系分泌物中某些物质促进土传病原菌入侵的机制。从根系分泌物角度阐述轮作、间作、套作、伴生和嫁接等多样性种植方式缓解连作土传病害的机制。提出鉴定“利病”、“压益”和“自毒”物质以及构建对应的消减技术途径,可为土传病害绿色高效综合防控提供理论和技术支撑。     

典型旱作农田土壤氧化亚氮排放的氨氧化微生物相对贡献

氨氧化过程对氧化亚氮（N2O）排放具有重要贡献。在不同土壤类型和农田管理下,氨氧化微生物类群对N2O排放的相对贡献组成规律还缺乏系统的研究。本研究选取典型农田耕层土壤（潮土、黑土、砖红壤）,以及有机肥改良的砖红壤剖面土壤,采用选择性抑制法（乙炔和辛炔）研究氨氧化细菌（AOB）、氨氧化古菌和全程硝化菌（AOA+comammox）以及异养硝化菌对土壤硝化潜势、净硝化速率及N2O排放的相对贡献。结果表明,在耕层土壤中,潮土、黑土和砖红壤的pH分别是8.0、6.7和5.7,硝化潜势分别是N 32.5、6.6和4.8 mg?kg-1?d-1,净硝化速率分别是N 7.1、3.0和0.5 mg?kg-1?d-1,7天N2O累积排放量分别是N 38.0、35.4和8.7 μg?kg-1。AOB主导耕层土壤的硝化潜势,对硝化潜势的贡献分别是82%、58%和100%。对于净硝化速率,在潮土和砖红壤中,AOB和AOA+comammox贡献相当（均在30%~40%）,而黑土中由AOB主导（72%）。AOB主导耕层土壤的N2O排放,对N2O排放的贡献分别是72%、92%和58%。在改良的砖红壤剖面土壤中,在0~20 cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm,pH分别是7.0、5.5和4.9,硝化潜势分别是N 6.6、2.0和1.1 mg?kg-1?d-1,净硝化速率分别是N 4.1、0.9和0.2 mg?kg-1?d-1,N2O排放分别是N 16.3、6.5和2.8 mg?kg-1?d-1。随土壤由深层至表层,硝化潜势、净硝化速率及N2O排放显著提高。AOA+comammox主导表层硝化潜势及净硝化速率的提高（分别贡献63%和54%）,AOB主导N2O排放的增加（贡献54%）。本研究为制定与土壤氨氧化特性及土壤性质相匹配的N2O减排措施提供了新的科学依据。