大蒜废弃物对农作物病原菌的抑制效果

我国大蒜废弃物资源丰富,为引导其合理化、资源化利用,测定了大蒜提取物对大豆尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum fsp.tracheiphilum)、油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.)d eBary)、大豆细菌性斑点病菌(Pseudomonas.s yringae pv.glycinea)和水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae〔Ishiyama〕Dye,Xoo)4种植物病原菌的抑制作用,并通过大蒜提取物、大蒜渣、大蒜肥对土壤中大豆尖孢镰刀菌的抑制试验,测定了其在土壤中对土传病原菌的抑制效果。结果表明,高浓度的大蒜提取物对这4种植物病原菌有抑制作用,随着提取物浓度的升高,抑菌效果也更为明显。质量浓度为500mg.mL-1时对大豆尖孢镰刀菌、大豆细菌性斑点病菌和水稻白叶枯病菌的抑菌效果最好。培养基中提取物浓度达100mg.mL-1时对两种真菌的抑制达100%。同时,含大蒜提取物0.05mL.g-1、大蒜渣5%或大蒜肥25%的土壤能抑制土传病原菌大豆尖孢镰刀菌在土壤中的定殖。     

高效产纤维素酶菌株ZJW-6发酵条件优化

在筛选出纤维素酶高产菌株的基础上,对纤维素酶高产菌株ZJW-6采用单因素试验进行不同条件下的液体发酵培养,使用DNS法对发酵后的菌悬液进行酶活力测定从而获得其最优发酵条件.结果表明,菌株ZJW-6产纤维素酶的最优发酵条件是以蛋白胨+(NH4)2SO4为氮源培养基,在30℃、pH 6下振荡培养48 h.     

1株纤维素分解菌的分离及其粗酶性质研究

为了寻找优良的纤维素分解茵,采用刚果红纤维素培养基对从河北省昌黎果树产区和河北省农林科学院昌黎果树研究所试验园采集的土壤样品进行筛选,并通过进一步的选择培养和筛选试验对筛选菌株的酶活性进行了比较。结果表明：从试验土壤样品中共筛选到分解纤维素的菌株30株,其中5株菌株（F33、F38、1746、F15和F3）的透明圈直径较大,分解能力较强。尤其以菌株F33分解纤维素能力最强,该菌株耐碱性好,在温度为20～37℃、pH值为7．0～9．0时均能正常生长,根据菌落形态与显微特征初步推断属于链霉菌属（Streotomvces）。     

研究土壤微生物多样性的PCR条件优化(英文)

[目的]对PCR-DGGE法的试验条件进行优化,以更好地分析土壤微生物遗传多样性。[方法]改良高盐法提取土壤DNA,改进引物设计,改变PCR反应过程中退火温度、扩增体系,比较PCR扩增结果。[结果]经过改良的高盐法提取的土壤微生物DNA效果更好。PCR扩增选择20μl体系条带单一,易于操作。退火温度选择在55℃时无非特异性扩增,35个循环次数易于后续DGGE分析。[结论]已经优化的PCR基因扩增体系特异性高且稳定可靠。     

作物定位轮作体系长期试验研究(Ⅲ)--轮作与连作对土壤微生物数量的影响

1997～2002年在东北农业大学校内农学试验田进行了作物定位轮作的长期试验研究,1997年对土壤微生物数量进行了测定,以探讨轮作与连作对土壤微生物数量的影响。研究表明,土壤细菌和放线菌在前期数量较低,在生育盛期和成熟期较高,土壤真菌数量在前期呈现较高的水平,后期数量反而较低;大豆对各类土壤微生物的繁衍均有一定的促进作用,这种促进作用在作物生育中后期才有表现;玉米连作使土壤微生物数量略有减少;小麦连作更有利于土壤微生物的繁衍。大豆田土壤微生物的数量变化与大豆生长发育状况相关性不明显。     

Nutrient Dynamics

Summary

Environmental concerns currently trigger the development of more sustainable soil fertility management strategies. It appears that effective sustainable practices are those that enhance natural soil processes. Soil processes include the decomposition of residues and mineralization of organic matter, nitrogen fixation, nitrification, nitrate leaching, denitrification and sulfur reduction. Natural soil processes also include less well-understood interactions, namely, those leading to the dissolution of minerals by organic acids, as well as rhizospheric and mycorrhizospheric interactions. Plants, associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts, supply and distribute carbon and energy, sustaining most of the biotic mechanisms responsible for nutrient release from soil, and maintaining organic pools of nutrients. Among these pools, the microbial biomass and fine roots pools, with their very fast turnover time, are particularly important as they can maintain large amounts of nutrients in very labile form and, therefore, increase soil fertility. Agricultural soil systems are very dynamic and are characterized by large spatial and temporal variations, which are largely driven by plant development. In addition, nutrient dynamics in agricultural soil systems seem particularly influenced by temperature, moisture, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization. Nitrogen losses from soil are reduced in systems where nitrogen release corresponds to plant demand. Biological nitrogen fixation is a sound way to input nitrogen in cropping systems. Phosphorus losses can be reduced through increased reliance on the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis of crops. Soils are diverse and complex systems, which, furthermore, respond to increasingly unpredictable climatic variations. Optimal agricultural soil management is a moving target and, hence, a challenging goal that will never be totally reached.     

土壤微生物学实验模块化的开设研究

高校微生物学实验教学注重培养学生的兴趣和科学探究技能,然而目前实验教学模式单一,容易导致学生学习兴趣丧失,自主学习能力下降,造成学习效果不佳。本文根据微生物学实验教学特点,对土壤微生物学实验设计了3个相互关联、前后衔接的实验模块,分别为：土壤微生物的采集与培养基制作,微生物的分离与纯化,微生物的鉴定和保藏。本文结合微生物学实验教程将独立的实验内容连成整体,并通过学生自主研究结合教师指导的模式,以达到加深学生对土壤微生物学知识理解及提高实验操作技能目的。     

转cry1Ie基因抗虫玉米对根际微生物群落碳代谢的影响

转基因作物对土壤生态系统的影响日益引起人们的广泛关注。采用Biolog ECO微平板对转基因抗虫玉米IE09S034及其对应的受体玉米根际微生物群落碳代谢功能进行了比较研究。结果表明,转基因抗虫玉米IE09S034对根际微生物碳代谢功能无显著性影响,且发现年份和生育期是引起根际微生物碳代谢情况变化的主要因素。本文为转基因抗虫玉米IE09S034的环境安全性评估提供了新的依据。     

Potassium distribution in root and non‐root zones of two cotton genotypes and its accumulation in their organs as affected by drought and potassium stress conditions

A rhizobox experiment was conducted to compare the differences of soil potassium (K) distribution and absorption between two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes under drought and K‐deficit conditions. Treatments included two levels of water (drought and optimum soil moisture: 25% and 35% volumetric water content) and K fertilizer rates (0 and 0.48 g potash kg^?1 soil) applied to two cotton genotypes (namely HEG and LEG). Both the genotypes showed significant differences in total K accumulation without exogenous K addition. After absorption, soil content of the readily available potassium (RAK) decreased rapidly. This promoted the conversion of the mineral K into slowly available potassium (SAK). Drought significantly decreased the cotton growth and K use efficiency, and thereby reduced the effect of K fertilizer. Consequantly, the contents of RAK and SAK were greatly increased. However, K bioavailability was decreased under water stress conditions. Differences in root parameters and soil microorganisms between two cotton genotypes were significantly increased and had marked relations with available soil K contents. This study provides important information for understanding the mechanism of K use efficiency, especially under water and K stress.     

薄壳山核桃-小麦套作系统土壤微生物群落研究

为研究薄壳山核桃-小麦套作系统产量效益及土壤微生物群落情况,以薄壳山核桃单作(P)和薄壳山核桃-小麦套作(PW)为研究对象,分析比较2种模式下的产量效益,利用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对土壤细菌及真菌多样性、群落结构、标志物种和共现网络进行研究,并探究土壤化学性质与微生物的关系。结果表明：1)套作后坚果产量显著低于单作,总产值显著高于单作;2)套作导致土壤细菌多样性和真菌丰富度显著降低;3)细菌和真菌群落结构因套作显著改变,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)与担子菌门(Basidiomycota)丰度显著提高,酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)丰度显著降低,微球菌科(Micrococcaceae)、黄色杆菌科(Xanthobacteraceae)、小单孢菌科(Micromonosporaceae)、鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、热酸菌属(Acidothermus)、芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)、假节杆菌属(Pseudarthrobacter)和外瓶霉属(Exophiala)等标志物种于套作土壤中富集;4)套作使细菌网络复杂性增强,真菌网络...