灌浆期高温对冬小麦叶源与粒库生理特征的影响

为研究灌浆期高温对冬小麦灌浆和产量的影响,以耐热型品种淮麦33和高温敏感型品种华成3366为材料,于灌浆期(花后14～20 d)进行高温处理,以田间自然温度生长的小麦为对照,研究高温对旗叶叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和糖含量以及籽粒淀粉含量和淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响,并对小麦粒重、产量等指标进行测定。结果表明,高温处理显著降低了淮麦33和华成3366旗叶的叶绿素含量,降幅分别为5.88%和9.86%;降低了两品种旗叶的抗氧化酶活性,提高了旗叶MDA、可溶性糖和蔗糖含量;高温处理也显著降低了两品种籽粒的腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、结合态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性,并减少了支链淀粉和总淀粉含量,其中淮麦33和华成3366的籽粒总淀粉含量分别下降了5.63%和8.77%;高温处理主要降低了淮麦33小穗第3粒位的粒重及华成3366小穗第1、2和3粒位的粒重,2018-2019、2019-2020年度淮麦33和华成3366的产量分别下降了5.07%和16.33%、6.23%和8.90%。与高温敏感型品种华成336...     

献改优63的库容特点及其与高产栽培途径的关系

1988～1989年,在大田和水培条件下,对杂交中籼稻献改优63的颖花分化和退化、单位面积的库容量、结实率、根系活力等进行了研究。结果表明:(1) 每穗颖花数多,单位面积总颖花量,产量库容量大,亩适宜颖花量为3336万朵左右;(2) 分化颖花数多、退化率高(52.67％)。减少颖花退化是争取大穗的主要途径;(3) 结实率低而不稳,变异幅度大(64.98％～96.08％),是左右产量的首要因素;(4) 抽穗期茎生叶比叶重,茎鞘率与结实率均呈线性正相关。相关系数分别为0.8861、0.7145,单位面积总颖花量与结实率呈线性负相关,相关系数为-0.7217,灌浆结实期颖花根活量越大,结实率越高。认为减少颖花退化、主攻大穗、使单位面积总颖花量达到适宜颖花量。通过提高茎生叶比叶重、茎鞘率和颖花根活量的途径提高结实率,这是献改优63高产栽培的重要途径。     

温光互作对春性小麦小穗建成的效应

利用6个来自不同生态区的春性小麦品种,在温室和生长箱温光控制条件下,研究了温度和光周期对小穗数调节作用的形态学基础。结果表明,温度和光周期从叶原基的分化转化及穗分化持续期两方面调节了小穗数,具体表现为:(1)从温度的影响出发,在长日条件下,低温主要通过延迟二棱以后小穗原基的分化过程而增加小穗数的多少,而     

水稻RFLP连锁图谱的构建及控制小穗不育和花粉不育的QTL分析

用台中65(粳稻)/ARC10313(籼稻)的重组近交系(F10)构建了RFLP连锁图谱, 含113个分布均匀的标记. 作成的图谱覆盖全基因组, 全图总长1462.4 cM, 图中标记位置与所使用的参照图谱基本符合. 利用该重组自交家系材料与亲本台中65回交得到BF1家系, 用于对小穗不育和花粉不育的QTL分析, 检测出3个小穗不育和1个花粉不育QTL, 且有一     

地膜覆盖晚播小麦穗分化的特点及其与露地麦异同点的分析

晚播麦采取地膜覆盖栽培,穗分化从小花分化到四分体形成的主要时期以及从雌雄蕊分化到开花期所经历的天数均多于适期播种的。因此,地膜覆盖晚播麦比适时播种的更有利于形成较多的穗粒数。小麦主茎叶龄和穗分化进程,因栽培条件的不同而有较大差异,但当穗分化进入小花分化期时,穗分化进程与主茎叶龄余数有密切的对应关系。     

源库调节对冷、暖型小麦籽粒物质积累的影响

通过剪穗、剪叶处理,人为改变源库比,研究源库比改变对冷型小麦陕229和暖型小麦NR9405籽粒干物质、可溶性糖、淀粉和总蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,剪去旗叶处理明显降低籽粒干物质积累量,加快花后10~20 d籽粒可溶性糖含量的下降速度,降低花后20~35 d籽粒可溶性糖含量,轻微降低籽粒淀粉含量,但对籽粒蛋白质含量无明显影响。剪去50%小穗处理,明显地增加籽粒干物质积累量,减慢花后10~20 d籽粒可溶性糖含量的下降速度,增加花后20~35 d籽粒的可溶性糖含量,提高籽粒的淀粉含量和蛋白质含量。剪穗、剪叶处理对冷、暖型小麦籽粒物质积累的影响程度不同。     

水稻穗分化期高温胁迫对颖花退化及籽粒充实的影响

为明确水稻穗分化期高温胁迫对颖花退化和籽粒充实的影响,选用耐热性品种黄华占和热敏感性品种丰两优6号进行人工气候箱盆栽试验,于倒一叶心叶抽出时(花粉母细胞形成至减数分裂期)进行高温处理(10:00-15:00,40℃) 1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、9 d,并以同时段适温处理(10:00-15:00,32℃)为参考,自然条件下生长的植株为对照(CK),分析不同持续天数高温对颖花退化、花器官发育和籽粒充实的影响。结果表明：(1)随着处理天数的增加,高温加剧颖花退化,与适温处理及CK相比,高温处理9 d黄华占颖花退化率增加45.8%和62.9%,丰两优6号颖花退化率增加81.7%和136.1%,丰两优6号增加幅度大于黄华占。(2)高温处理1~3 d降低花粉活力,5~9 d抑制花药充实。花药发育不良,花粉形成受阻是导致结实率显著下降的原因,两品种趋势一致。(3)高温处理缩短颖花长度,降低籽粒充实性,使千粒重显著下降,热敏感性品种丰两优6号下降幅度大于耐热性品种黄华占,籽粒充实在5 d以上高温处理下降显著。研究说明倒一叶生长时期高温胁迫影响穗生长发育,生产中需加强相应栽培措施的调控。     

水稻待测粳型亲籼系的亲籼性鉴定

[目的]选育粳型亲籼系。[方法]选用6个籼稻、6个粳稻和6个广亲和测验种,以F1代花粉育性和小穗育性为指标,测定了5个待测粳型亲籼系的亲籼性。[结果]待测粳型亲籼系G2123、G2417、G2410和G3005亲籼,不亲粳,为特异亲籼系;G2615不亲籼,也不亲粳,为不亲和系。探讨了粳型亲籼系亲籼性测定时的测验种、育性指标、花粉育性和小穗育性的测定方法,分析了G2417高亲籼性的原因。[结论]G2417自交结实率（小穗育性）95.1%,与6个籼稻测验种杂交的F1代平均结实率（小穗育性）94.5%,是个亲籼性极好、综合性状优良的亲籼系。     

Low temperature-induced sterility in rice: Evidence for the effects of temperature before panicle initiation

Spikelet sterility of rice (Oryza sativa L.) results from low temperatures during panicle development. However, this temperature alone cannot fully explain the fluctuations in sterility observed in the field, since the susceptibility of rice plants to low temperature often changes according to its physiological status during sensitive stages. In the present study, we examined whether temperatures before the panicle initiation stage (PI) influence the plant's susceptibility to sterility during panicle development. To test this, we conducted a 2-year pot study and an analysis of field data using a model of cooling degree-days (CDD). In the pot study, the air temperature (T_a) and water temperature (T_w) were controlled independently for 3 weeks during the vegetative growth stage before PI. After PI, the plants were submerged in a cool water bath at a critical temperature of 19.5 °C to induce floral sterility. We found that low T_w during vegetative growth significantly increased the sterility. Low T_a during vegetative growth also significantly increased the sterility, but this effect was diminished by warm T_w even at low T_a. There was a close and negative correlation between sterility and T_w during vegetative growth. In the analysis of field data, we introduced CDD using temperatures below a threshold level of 20 °C to represent the magnitude of the exposure to low temperature from PI to the heading stage. Data of T_a was used for this analysis because data of T_w was scare. The CDD model was applied to 77 independent data sets collected at nine Agricultural Research Centers during four typical cool summers (1980, 1988, 1993, and 2003) in northern Japan. Year-to-year variations in sterility at one site were roughly accounted for by the variations in CDD, but large deviations were observed among the years. The deviations were related to T_a averaged over the 30-day period before PI. For a similar level of CDD, the lower the T_a before PI, the greater the sterility. Similar deviations were observed in the between-site relationships between sterility and CDD, and these deviations were related with the T_a before PI. These results suggest that temperatures before PI, and especially T_w, change the susceptibility of a rice plant to low temperatures during panicle development.     

不同播期和品种小麦小花结实的粒位差异

确定小麦不同小穗位和小花位发育与结实特性是实现大穗多粒的重要前提，本文通过对冬，春性小麦品种分期播种试验得出，较高的小穗结实力是增加穗粒数的重要因素，不同播期，品种之间，小穗粒重和粒数呈现相同的变化趋势，中部以及基部小穗粒重与穗粒重之间呈高度正相关，体现环境差异的播期效应以对中部小穗发育的影响为主，而冬，春性品种的基因型差异可反映在各个小穗位上，第2小花粒的子粒发育状况反映整个小穗的生产能力，结果表明，促进中部优势小穗（第5－15小穗）结实和第1－3小花位子粒发育是提高小花结实率和穗粒重的关键。