Comparison of organic matter dynamics in soil between Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) forest and adjacent Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) forest established on flatland

In order to clarify the effects of tree species on organic matter dynamics in soil, we investigated the amount of forest floor material, leaf litter decomposition rate, soil chemical characteristics, soil respiration rate and cellulose decomposition rate in a Japanese cedar forest (cedar plot) and an adjacent Japanese red pine forest (pine plot) established on a flatland. The amount of forest floor material in the cedar plot was 34.5 Mg ha⁻¹ which was greater than that in the pine plot. Because the leaf litter decomposition rate was higher in the pine plot than in the cedar plot, it is likely that the difference in the amount of forest floor material between the plots is caused by the difference in the leaf litter decomposition rate. The C concentrations of soil in the cedar plot were 1.2–2.1 times higher than those in the pine plot. Soil pH(H₂O)s in the cedar plot were significantly higher than those in the pine plot. The soil respiration rates and the rates of mineralized C in the cedar plot byin vitro incubation were higher than those in the pine plot. From this result, it is assumed that soil organic matter in the cedar plot was decomposed relatively faster compared with the pine plot. Furthermore, microbial activities, which were reflected as cellulose decomposition rates in the cedar plot, were higher than those in the pine plot. A part of this paper was presented at the 109th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1998).     

动力学光度法测定小麦过氧化氢酶活动度

过氧化氢酶与四甲基联苯胺和过氧化氢反应生成蓝色物质,通过分光光度法检测蓝色产物进而可测定小麦中过氧化氢酶活动度.结果表明,光度法测得的蓝色反应的初始速率与小麦中过氧化氢酶的活动度呈线性关系,线性方程为:y=110.26x +44.06,相关系数为R=0.993.采用此方法测定小麦中的过氧化氢酶活动度准确高,重复性好,简便快捷,是测定粮食中的过氧化氢酶活动度的一种较好的方法.     

蛹虫草多糖的抗氧化活性研究

【目的】研究蛹虫草多糖的体内外抗氧化活性,为蛹虫草多糖的开发利用提供依据。【方法】以蛹虫草为原料,采用水提醇沉法制备蛹虫草粗多糖(cordyceps militaris polysaccharide, CMPs),再以二乙氨基乙基纤维素52(DEAE cellulose 52,DEAE-52)柱色谱法进行分离纯化,通过苯酚-硫酸法测其总糖含量;测定蛹虫草多糖对羟自由基、超氧阴离子、ABTS·和DPPH·的清除作用;建立D-半乳糖致小鼠亚急性衰老模型,进一步研究CMPs的体内抗氧化活性。【结果】纯化后的蛹虫草多糖总糖含量为82.57%;体外抗氧化活性结果表明,蛹虫草多糖(CMPs)对羟自由基、超氧阴离子、ABTS·和DPPH·均有良好的清除作用,且呈现良好的剂量效应关系,其半数有效质量浓度(EC₅₀)分别达到1.912,2.153,1.612和2.058 mg/mL。体内抗氧化活性结果表明,CMPs能够显著提高衰老模型小鼠血清和肝脏组织中的T-SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活力,同时能显著降低MDA含量,并且呈现良好的质量浓度依存关系,尤其是在高剂量时可以使衰老模型小...     

宁夏地区20种植物丙酮提取物抑菌活性研究

采用生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定了20种植物丙酮提取物对番茄早疫病菌(Alternaria solani)、玉米大斑病菌(Exserohilumturcicum)的抑制效应。研究结果表明,在供试质量浓度为0.01 g/mL时,老瓜头、蛇果黄堇、小蓝雪花、苦豆子、苍耳、针叶短枝芸香等6种植物提取物对番茄早疫病菌菌丝生长抑制率大于60%,对番茄早疫病菌、玉米大斑病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用较强,抑制率均在80%以上,其中小蓝雪花提取物对番茄早疫病菌菌丝生长的抑制率为100%,对2种供试菌孢子萌发的抑制率分别为92.1%和95.3%。     

不同覆盖模式对旱地苹果园土壤养分、微生物和酶活性的影响

为研究不同覆盖模式对旱地苹果园土壤环境的影响,以11a生"信浓红"苹果树为试材,对比分析全覆膜、生草覆草、起垄覆膜、"肥水膜"一体化和清耕处理下苹果园土壤养分、酶活性和微生物数量的变化。结果表明:生草覆草可以显著提高土壤有机质的质量分数,不同覆盖处理均可增加土壤速效养分,尤以"肥水膜"一体化效果最为显著。不同覆盖处理都能提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性,"肥水膜"一体化技术能较对照明显提高土壤酶活性,且处理对土壤酶活的影响主要集中在表土层,不同土壤酶活性和有机质的质量分数存在显著相关性。与常规施肥相比,覆盖处理后能不同程度增加土壤中微生物的数量,且均以生草覆草效果最佳。综合分析,旱地苹果园采用"肥水膜"一体化技术配合行间生草可以在一定程度上改善果园土壤生态环境,提高土壤肥力。     

苇状羊茅盐胁迫下生理效应的研究

应用砂培试验对苇状羊茅盐胁迫下的生理效应进行了研究,通过对苇状羊茅盐胁迫下的相对鲜重,相对干重,根冠比,脯氨酸含量,叶绿素含量及根系活力进行测定,表明,低浓度的盐处理下,苇状羊茅生长未表现出受不利因素影响,但此时羊茅已对外界高渗溶液做出生理反应,叶片中脯氨酸含量成倍增加;随着盐胭控浓度的增大,羊茅相对鲜重,相对干重,根系活力均降低２,生长和生理上都表现出盐害效应同时叶片中脯氨酸和叶绿素含量增加,反     

Antimicrobial activity of alkaloidal fraction from barks of Himatanthus lancifolius

The alkaloidal fraction from Himatanthus lancifolius barks demonstrated a broad-spectrum in vitro antimicrobial activity for most of the Gram (+) and Gram (-) tested microorganisms.     

Effectiveness of submicron chitosan dispersions in controlling anthracnose and maintaining quality of dragon fruit

Conventional chitosan (CC) and submicron chitosan dispersions (SCD) were evaluated for the control of postharvest anthracnose and maintenance of quality of dragon fruit during storage at 10 ± 2 °C and 80 ± 5% RH for 28 days. All the chitosan treatments significantly reduced anthracnose symptoms, resulting in a reduction of disease development and thereby maintained the quality of fresh fruit for extended periods. SCD at 1.0% with 600 nm droplet size gave the best result in that it delayed the onset of disease and maintained the quality of dragon fruit for up to 28 days of storage. It can be concluded from the present investigation that SCD have potential to be used as an antifungal agent to control postharvest anthracnose and maintain quality of dragon fruit during storage.     

The potential role of PR-8 gene of apple fruit in the mode of action of the yeast antagonist,Candida oleophila,in postharvest biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea

Several pathogenesis-related (PR) genes of apple have been cloned and their response to different pathogens has been studied. Different PR genes, however, may have a variable response depending on the specific organ or tissue as well as microbe. The objective of the current study was to characterize the expression of specific apple PR genes in fruit tissues in response to the antagonistic yeast, Candida oleophila (a common postharvest biocontrol agent), and the fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea (a major postharvest pathogen). Apple PR-5 and PR-8 gene expression was characterized in fruit in response to C. oleophila and B. cinerea. Results indicated that PR-8 expression was significantly elevated in response to both fungi. In contrast, neither C. oleophila nor B. cinerea treatment markedly affected PR-5 expression. The PR-8 gene was then synthesized and cloned into a Pichia pastoris expression system to study the antifungal activity of the PR-8 protein against B. cinerea both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, the PR-8 gene of apple is associated with the response to B. cinerea infection, and may play a role in the mechanism by which C. oleophila effectively inhibits B. cinerea disease in apple fruit, namely by the induction of this specific host PR gene.     

南洋楹无性系抗寒性研究

【目的】南洋楹属典型热带树种,抗寒性较差,严重制约其推广应用。开展南洋楹无性系抗寒性评价,对于提高其造林成效、拓广其栽培区域具有重要意义。【方法】以生长较好的9个南洋楹无性系组培苗为研究对象,通过系列低温处理,观测幼苗叶片形态变化,分析测定叶片相对电导率(REC)、脯氨酸(PRO)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,揭示南洋楹无性系在低温胁迫下的生理响应,并进行无性系抗寒性评价。【结果】在2℃时,所有无性系均出现不同程度落叶;0℃时所有无性系均出现顶芽死亡,其抗寒性差异主要表现在0~2℃温度区间;9个无性系的REC随温度降低呈单调上升和先上升后下降再上升的2种变化趁势,属于后者的无性系抗寒性更强,0℃下S5、S7的REC最低;PRO含量随温度降低整体上呈现递增趁势,TL18、S7、S5、A8的PRO含量增幅最大,均在1倍以上;SOD活性在同一温度下无性系之间差异显著,但随温度降低无明显变化规律。应用REC进行聚类分析,将9个无性系分为3类,S7、S5、TL18抗寒性最强,A8抗寒性最差,其它6个无性系抗寒性居中。【结论】建议生产上推广S7、S5和TL18无性系。