人工植被土壤水分状况与动态研究进展

20世纪80年代后，人工植被在干旱、半干旱、半湿润地区都出现了土壤干化现象，而集水造林对改善土壤水分亏缺具有良好的效果．人工植被的土壤水分动态研究主要集中在季节动态和垂直动态两方面，土壤水分的运动定量化研究取得了一定进展，目前，研究主要围绕饱和一非饱和条件下运动参数的确定．土壤干化评价指标、水分环境负荷量、特定条件下树种结构和密度设计等将是今后研究的主要方向．     

攀枝花干热河谷区环境对水分的影响

以"水分"为核心,通过对区域气候、土壤水源涵养功能、植物的耗水特点和土壤水分动态4方面的分析,提出攀枝花干热河谷植被恢复的一些关键技术.得出:1)旱季水热的非同步性是植被恢复困难的所在;坡向导致的微气候差异是干热河谷阴坡、阳坡植被分异的主要原因.2)攀枝花干热河谷地段粗骨性红壤土层浅薄,蓄水能力较弱,土壤层饱和蓄水量和稳渗率分别为3.8～5.0 mm/cmm土层、0.77～4.72 mm/min),土壤有效水约为饱和蓄水量的50%.3)该土壤母质因其特殊性,仍有较强的蓄水能力,饱和蓄水量(1.8～2.8mm/cm土层)和人渗率(0.13～0.26 mm/min)虽低于土壤层,但其有效蓄水量却与土壤层相近.4)深层土壤,特别是母质层水分数量对维持植物旱季生存有着重要的意义.因此,增加土层厚度、提高土壤,特别是母质层的入渗能力是该类土壤植被恢复的关键技术措施.5)不同植物旱季日均耗水量差异较大,树种的合理配置与否直接影响植被恢复成效.目前该区营造的麻疯树、番麻、构树、加纳比松、车桑子和台湾相思均具有较强的耐早能力.     

水稻出苗顶土动力源研究

在自然条件下,通过设计不同的出苗阻力（覆土深度2 cm、4 cm和6 cm）来测定中胚轴伸长潜力不同的水稻种质的出苗速度、成苗率和芽鞘节及中胚轴的长度,以分析影响水稻种子顶土出苗的动力源。结果表明,水稻种子的出苗动力主要来源于芽鞘节间和中胚轴的伸长。在不同阻力处理条件下,不同种质出苗动力差异较大,其中覆土2 cm的不同种质出苗率相差不明显,与室内发芽率结果比较接近,覆土4 cm和覆土6 cm的两个处理不同种质间出苗率差异明显,长胚轴种质出苗速度快,出苗率高,出苗率与室内发芽率相差不大;而短胚轴种质出苗速度慢,出苗率低,其中春江683的出苗率与室内发芽率相比分别下降了6.5和86.2个百分点。研究表明水稻中胚轴的伸长对覆土较深的种子顶土出苗起到关键作用,长胚轴种质顶土出苗动力来自于芽鞘节与中胚轴的共同作用,出苗动力强;而短胚轴顶土出苗动力主要来源于芽鞘节的伸长,出苗动力较弱。还对通过选育长胚轴直播稻品种解决直播稻易倒伏和出苗差等难题的可能性进行了探讨。     

中国的白背飞虱研究概况

通过对214篇发表在中国省级以上刊物的相关研究论文分析,概述了建国以来中国在白背飞虱研究与治理等方面的研究进展,内容包括白背飞虱的生物学特性、迁飞规律、发生特点、种群动态、为害损失、水稻品种抗性及种群综合治理等方面.     

Environmentally driven forecasts of northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) recruitment in the eastern Bering Sea

Northern rock sole recruitment in the eastern Bering Sea has been hypothesized to (a) depend on wind‐driven surface currents linking spawning and nursery areas, (b) be density‐dependent, and (c) be negatively impacted by cold bottom temperatures over a large nursery area during the first summer of life. A suite of models was developed to test these hypotheses. Data included 32 years of recruitment and spawning biomass estimates derived from a stock assessment model and wind and temperature indices customized to the environmental exposure of age‐0 northern rock sole in the eastern Bering Sea. The predictive ability of the models was evaluated, and the models were used to forecast recruitment to age‐4 for recent year classes which are poorly retained by the standard multi‐species bottom trawl survey gear. Models which included wind and temperature indices performed better than a naïve forecast based on the running mean. The best‐performing model was a categorical model with wind and temperature thresholds, which explained 49% of the variation in recruitment. Ricker models performed more poorly than models without a spawning biomass term, providing no evidence that recruitment is related to stock size. The models forecast higher recruitment for the most recent year classes (2015–2018) than for prior year classes with observed poor recruitment (2006–2013). These environment‐based recruitment forecasts may improve recruitment estimates for the most recent year classes and facilitate study of the effects of future climate change on northern rock sole population dynamics.     

Global fishery dynamics are poorly predicted by classical models

Fisheries dynamics can be thought of as the reciprocal relationship between an exploited population and the fishers and/or managers determining the exploitation patterns. Sustainable production of protein of these coupled human‐natural systems requires an understanding of their dynamics. Here, we characterized the fishery dynamics for 173 fisheries from around the globe by applying general additive models to estimated fishing mortality and spawning biomass from the RAM Legacy Database. GAMs specified to mimic production models and more flexible GAMs were applied. We show observed dynamics do not always match assumptions made in management using “classical” fisheries models, and the suitability of these assumptions varies significantly according to large marine ecosystem, habitat, variability in recruitment, maximum weight of a species and minimum observed stock biomass. These results identify circumstances in which simple models may be useful for management. However, adding flexibility to classical models often did not substantially improve performance, which suggests in many cases considering only biomass and removals will not be sufficient to model fishery dynamics. Knowledge of the suitability of common assumptions in management should be used in selecting modelling frameworks, setting management targets, testing management strategies and developing tools to manage data‐limited fisheries. Effectively balancing expectations of future protein production from capture fisheries and risk of undesirable outcomes (e.g., “fisheries collapse”) depends on understanding how well we can expect to predict future dynamics of a fishery using current management paradigms.     

Cluster analysis of linear model coefficients under contiguity constraints for identifying spatial and temporal fishing effort patterns

For fisheries management purposes, it is essential to take into account spatial and seasonal characteristics of fishing activities to allow a reliable assessment of fishing impact on resource. This paper presents a novel technique for describing spatial and temporal patterns in fishing effort. The spatial and seasonal fishing activity patterns of the French trawler fleet in the Celtic Sea during the period 1991–1998 were analysed by modelling fishing effort (fishing time) with generalised linear models. The linear model for fishing effort included fixed effects for both spatial (statistical rectangles) and temporal units (months). In addition, spatial correlations in any given month were modelled by an exponentially decreasing function. Temporal correlations were included using the previous month's fishing effort for a given spatial unit as predictor. A method based on cluster analysis of estimated model coefficients of spatial or temporal fixed effects is proposed for identifying groups of similar spatial and temporal units. A contiguity constraint is imposed in the clustering algorithm, ensuring that only neighbouring spatial units or consecutive temporal units are grouped. The cluster analysis identified 22 spatial and 9 temporal groups. Winter and spring months stood out as being more variable than the remaining months. Spatial groups were of varying size, and generally larger offshore. The proposed method is generic and could for example be used to analyse temporal and spatial patterns in catch or catch rate data.     

秘鲁鳀资源变动及与海洋环境要素的关系研究进展

秘鲁鳀(Engraulis ringens)是一种小型中上层鱼类。作为重要的商业性鱼类之一,秘鲁鳀的捕捞产业曾形成了世界上最大的单鱼种渔业,但其产量的年间差异非常大,上升流流场结构变化是其产量变化的重要影响因素。上升流对秘鲁鳀捕捞量的作用机制可归纳为低纬度的地理位置、适宜的水温结构、低溶解氧、高能量传递效率的食物网以及复杂的海洋环境要素变化五个方面。秘鲁鳀渔业生物学的多个方面都显著地受到了海洋环境变化的影响。此外,与气候相关的大尺度海洋生态系统周期性变化(regime shift)也影响到了秘鲁鳀的资源变动。本研究认为,今后在加强对长时间尺度生态系统周期性变化的研究同时,也应注重结合海洋环境变化、捕捞因素及种群的内部动力过程这三者之间的关系,结合基于个体的海洋动力学,建立秘鲁鳀资源评估及预测的模型,为合理开发和管理提供基础。     

西藏哲古措2种土著鱼类消化道寄生蠕虫的群落结构及感染状况

为了解西藏哲古措土著鱼类消化道寄生蠕虫的群落结构及季节动态,于2018年9月（秋季）和12月（冬季）、2019年3月（春季）和6月（夏季）对哲古措进行了4个季节的采样调查。共采集到2种土著鱼类,分别为高原裸鲤（Gymnocypris waddellii）和异尾高原鳅（Triplophysa stewartii）,与原来的记录不同。在高原裸鲤的消化道中采集到了5种寄生蠕虫,分别为聂氏拟短结绦虫（Parabreviscolex niepini）、新棘吻虫未定种（Neoechinorhynchus sp.）、异肉吸虫未定种（Allocreadium sp.）、对盲囊线虫未定种线虫（Contracaecum sp.）和束首线虫未定种（Streptocara sp.）,并对形态特征进行了描述。本研究发现,哲古措土著鱼类消化道寄生蠕虫的物种组成具有一定地域性,大部分为广布性寄生虫,鸟类在其传播过程中起到了重要作用。经过分析,高原裸鲤消化道寄生蠕虫群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为0.70~1.27,显示了较高的群落多样性,Berger-Parker优势度指数为0.38~0.76,优势群为线虫。线虫表现出一定的季节消长规律：秋季为周年最高,冬季下降,春季上升,夏季降至最低,推测与水温、中间宿主的种群数量、线虫的生命周期和鱼类宿主繁殖期的行为等有关。复殖吸虫、绦虫和棘头虫四季的感染率均在10%以内浮动,平均丰度也较低。异尾高原鳅的消化道中未发现任何寄生蠕虫,推测与宿主肠道空间大小、摄食量和分布空间的差异有关。本研究通过对西藏湖泊土著鱼类寄生蠕虫的调查与分析,旨在为深入了解西藏寄生虫的组成特点、研究青藏高原隆升对寄生虫与鱼类宿主协同进化提供基础理论依据。