Microbial response to exudates in the rhizosphere of young beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) after dormancy

Plants act as an important link between atmosphere and soil: CO2 is transformed into carbohydrates by photosynthesis. These assimilates are distributed within the plant and translocated via roots into the rhizosphere and soil microorganisms. In this study, 3 year old European beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) were exposed after the chilling period to an enriched ¹³C–CO₂ atmosphere (δ¹³C = 60‰ – 80‰) at the time point when leaves development started. Temporal dynamics of assimilated carbon distribution in different plant parts, as well as into dissolved organic carbon and microbial communities in the rhizosphere and bulk soil have been investigated for a 20 days period. Photosynthetically fixed carbon could be traced into plant tissue, dissolved organic carbon and total microbial biomass, where it was utilized by different microbial communities. Due to carbon allocation into the rhizosphere, nutrient stress decreased; exudates were preferentially used by Gram-negative bacteria and (mycorrhizal) fungi, resulting in an enhanced growth. Other microorganisms, like Gram-positive bacteria and mainly micro eucaryotes benefited from the exudates via food web development. Overall our results indicate a fast turnover of exudates and the development of initial food web structures. Additionally a transport of assimilated carbon into bulk soil by (mycrorhizal) fungi was observed.     

遗传算法在离心泵叶片优化设计中的应用

对遗传算法在流体机械优化设计中的应用现状作了较为全面的总结；提出了将遗传算法应用于离心泵叶片优化设计中，分析了遗传算法在离心泵优化设计中应用的可行性以及存在的问题；对离心泵优化设计的发展提出了一些新建议和尝试。     

黔中玉米耕地土壤杂草种子库季节动态

对黔中玉米耕地土壤进行种子萌发试验,结果表明:玉米地杂草种子库共有44个物种出现,隶属16科40属。4个季节单位面积的种子萌发量Ⅰ季度8 609粒/m2>Ⅲ季度8 045粒/m2>Ⅱ季度6 491粒/m2>Ⅳ季度2 698粒/m2。狗尾草和水田碎米荠为上半年库中优势物种,下半年优势物种则为波斯婆婆纳。整体上随土壤层次的增加种子库存量相对减少,冬季活力种子萌发量最少;就物种多样性而言,种子库Shannon-W iener指数和Simpson指数均表现为Ⅱ>Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ。     

利用系统动力学模型通过选择定植期最大化香蕉种植收益

为获得香蕉种植收益最大时的定植期,本文尝试利用系统动力学建模方式,对香蕉定植期进行选择。该模型通过模拟海南岛西部采用较多的一年一造种植方式,考虑香蕉价格和果串钟随季节的波动。模型只需输入逐周气温数据既可以输出该轮种植期内的总收益。模型的准确性经过2007-2008年东方地区香蕉发育情况拟合与验证。模拟结果表明在第22-25周（即5月下旬到六月中上旬）定植香蕉可以获取最大经济收益,与其他定植期相比可以增加经济受益40%。该模型的建立为下一步估算气候变化对香蕉种植的经济影响奠定基础。     

层状非均质包气带渗透性特征及其对降水入渗的影响

不同的岩性界面影响了降水在包气带中的入渗、运移与再分布过程,其影响机制仍是有待研究的学科前沿问题。针对上述问题,基于层状非均质包气带6 m×4 m×5 m样方,开展了多场次自然降水入渗过程的原位试验监测,研究结果表明层状非均质结构对降水入渗过程和速率影响明显:(1)地层分界面处土壤含水率呈现陡降变化特征;(2)220 cm深度以上包气带中土壤含水率对降水入渗响应变化敏感,呈含水率陡变的多峰谷式脉冲响应变化特征,其中20～100 cm地层土壤含水率变化幅度为22.58%～29.76%,120～200 cm地层土壤含水率变化幅度为13.74%～20.74%;220 cm深度以下包气带中土壤含水率对降水入渗响应滞缓,年内呈现平缓单峰响应变化特征,反映了多场次降雨的累积效应,其中220～400 cm地层土壤含水率变化幅度为2.3%～12.15%,430～460 cm地层土壤含水率变化幅度为2.5%～3.41%;(3)层状非均质结构阻滞了水分的运移(湿润锋通过亚砂土-粉砂界面时,平均运移速度由10.53 cm·d^-1下降为0.77 cm·d^-1;湿润锋...     

黄河源区“黑土滩”混播草地牧草植物量及营养动态初探

黄河源区的极度退化草地——"黑土滩",改建成人工草地是一种恢复退化草地的重要途径,同时可以收获大量饲草。对"黑土滩"混播草地(垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans+中华羊茅Festuca sinensis+碱茅Puc-cinellia distans+冷地早熟禾Poa crymophila+赖草Leymus secalinus)的生产力和营养价值动态进行了研究,分析了放牧对草地生产力的影响。结果表明,从生长高峰期8月到翌年4月,草地生产力自然损失量为144.3 g/m2,损失率为34.9%。这期间放牧利用导致牧草被采食187.2 g/m2。传统的放牧利用,使该类人工草地利用率为45.2%。冷季草地牧草营养价值全都下降,粗蛋白含量降低了69.86%,粗脂肪降低了65.85%。该"黑土滩"混播草地在夏季属碳氮营养型(CN),冬季属碳营养型(C)。因此建议,"黑土滩"混播草地在夏季生长高峰期适度进行人工割草,冬季进行适度放牧利用。     

粳稻谷储藏期间品质变化的动力学研究

通过对不同温度条件下(15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃)储藏的粳稻谷过氧化物酶(POD)活性、峰值粘度变化进行监测(储藏时间为180d,测定周期为30d),结合动力学分析方法,在研究储藏条件对粳稻谷品质影响的基础上建立相应的品质变化预测模型。结果表明:过氧化物酶活性随着储藏时间的延长而逐渐下降,且温度越高,下降得越快,在温度为30℃、25℃、20℃、15℃条件下储藏180d后,粳稻谷过氧化物酶残余活力依次下降至16.74%、23.85%、38.35%、40.17%;峰值粘度随着储藏时间的延长而呈现波动上升的趋势,温度越高,上升的趋势越明显,在30℃条件下储藏180d后,峰值粘度上升至3495cP,而在温度为25℃、20℃、15℃条件下储藏的粳稻谷样品,峰值粘度依次上升至3307cP、3262cP、3018cP。粳稻谷过氧化物酶活性、峰值粘度的预测模型依次是:lnAt=-e-31007.16/RT×t+4.6052、lnAt=-e-24467/RT×t+7.7337。动力学模型预测值与实际测量值的相对误差在1%~12%之间,可以对储藏期间粳稻谷品质变化进行预测。     

淀山湖日本沼虾、秀丽白虾资源量的周年动态变化研究

淀山湖虾类资源以日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)和秀丽白虾(Exopalaemon modestus)最为丰富,在淀山湖渔业中占重要地位,也是淀山湖渔民的主要经济来源。根据2010年8月—2011年8月对淀山湖虾类资源的调查结果,对淀山湖日本沼虾、秀丽白虾资源量的周年动态变化情况进行研究。结果表明:日本沼虾头胸甲长范围为7.05~47.07 mm,平均值为(22.192±1.650)mm,优势头胸甲长组为15.5~30.5 mm,占82.98%;秀丽白虾头胸甲长范围为9.10~38.7 mm,平均值为(21.221±1.598)mm,优势头胸甲长组为15.5~25.5 mm,占80.49%;日本沼虾资源密度在9月份和5月份两次达到峰值,3月份最低;秀丽白虾资源密度在8月份和4月份两次达到峰值,6月份最低;在空间上,不同湖区日本沼虾和秀丽白虾的资源量波动较大,在春季和冬季,敞水区资源量高于沿岸带,夏季和秋季沿岸带资源量高于敞水区,并且上半段湖区资源量整体高于下半段湖区的资源量。通过本研究为合理管理和有效开发淀山湖虾类资源提供依据,也为渔业主管部门划定增殖放流区域提供参考。     

Linking habitat selection, emigration and population dynamics of freshwater fishes: a synthesis of ideas and approaches

Abstract –  The consequences of individual behaviour to dynamics of populations has been a critical question in fish ecology, but linking the two has proven difficult. A modification of Sale's habitat selection model provides a conceptual linkage for relating resource availability and individual habitat selection to exploratory behaviour, emigration and population-level responses. Whole-population experiments with pupfish Cyprinodon macularius that linked all factors along this resource to population continuum lend support to this conceptual model, and illustrate that emigration may be much more common in fish populations than considered in most individual- or population-based models. Accommodating emigration can enhance the ecological appropriateness of behavioural experiments and increase confidence in extrapolation of experimental observations to population-level effects. New experimental designs and advancing technologies offer avenues for assessing population consequences of habitat selection and emigration by individual fish. Emigration often is the key linkage between individual behaviour and population responses, and greater understanding of the underlying factors affecting this often-overlooked demographic parameter could offer new approaches for management and conservation of fishes.     

氯嘧磺隆在大豆植株和土壤中的残留动态研究

为了制定氯嘧磺隆在大豆上的安全使用标准,将50%氯嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂于大豆生长期进行茎叶喷雾处理,用高效液相色谱法,研究了氯嘧磺隆在大豆植株及土壤中的残留动态,测定了氯嘧磺隆在大豆及土壤中的残留量.两年的试验结果表明,氯嘧磺隆在大豆植株中比在土壤中消解得快,其半衰期分别8.77～8.86 h和10.47～11.07 d.大豆收获期籽粒中最终残留量低于0.005 mg/kg,土壤中最终残留量低于0.003 mg/kg.