信息熵综合评价方法在小麦品种区域试验中的应用

运用信息熵原理,建立了作物品种综合评价模型,提出了品种多目标综合评价方法,结合小麦品种区域试验,具体介绍了这种方法的应用.研究表明,信息熵综合评价方法对于客观综合评价品种,具有重要的参考价值.     

农杆菌介导高粱遗传转化的相关因素优化

为建立一个稳定的高粱遗传转化体系,以高粱RHMC品种为试验材料,采用内含有P ^CAMBIA3301质粒载体的根癌农杆菌EHA105介导的方法研究了高粱遗传转化的相关因素。结果表明,外植体预培养2d,GUS表达效果最好;在侵染液和共培养基中加入200μmol/L乙酰丁香酮时,GUS表达效果最好;侵染液浓度OD₆₀₀值的适宜范围为0.8~1.0;农杆菌侵染愈伤组织的适宜时间为5~10min;共培养的适宜时间为2d。初步建立了一套高粱遗传转化体系,为今后高粱转化提供一些参考。     

高粱bmr-6和bmr-12基因对产量和品质性状的效应比较

比较了在Atlas、Early Hegari-Sart、Kansas Collier、Rox Orange和Wheatland 5种高粱遗传背景下,bmr-6和bmr-12基因对产量性状及品质性状的影响。结果表明,bmr-6和bmr-12基因使株高显著降低,同时增加了植株的茎粗;而对分蘖数和叶片数的影响较小。bmr-6和bmr-12对产量性状是负面影响,但在不同的遗传背景下不一致。对于品质性状,bmr-6一般是使中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维降低,而bmr-12则对这两者影响不大。bmr-6和bmr-12都使酸性洗涤木质素和酸不溶灰分降低。综合考虑,bmr-12的育种利用价值比bmr-6大。     

黑龙江省审定的大豆品种产量变化趋势分析

对1991~2010年间黑龙江省审定的适于第一至第三积温带的142个大豆品种的产量变化进行了分析。结果表明,大豆品种区域试验和生产试验产量与审定年份之间表现显著的线性回归关系,产量呈逐年增加趋势,随着审定年份的推移,区域试验最高产量逐渐增加;区域试验和生产试验产量平均值分别提高了10.46%和7.40%,呈逐渐上升趋势,但增产幅度逐渐减小。     

运城盆地不同播期小麦干热风发生风险评价

为明确当前气候情境下不同类型小麦在不同播期干热风的发生风险,以半冬性偏冬性品种济麦22、半冬性偏春性品种周麦18以及弱春性品种西农529为材料,通过3年的试验,研究小麦的物候期和产量及其构成因素的变化。分析2年的籽粒灌浆规律,并结合近30年本地区干热风发生分布,讨论不同播期籽粒灌浆95%时的干热风发生概率。结果表明,推迟播期,小麦冬前分蘖减少,但春季分蘖增多,适度增加播量可以保证群体成穗数;籽粒灌浆时长缩短、灌浆速率加快,播期在一定范围内干热风发生概率没有明显提升。济麦22在380℃~680℃、周麦18和西农529在250℃~680℃冬前积温范围播种,干热风发生风险保持一致,继续降低冬前积温,干热风发生风险明显增加。本试验条件下,适度推迟播期,降低冬前积温,增加播量,灌浆速率增加,干热风发生风险没有显著变化,同时不同类型小麦产量稳定。在当前气候条件下,小麦最适冬前积温可由先前的约600℃降低到当前的约380℃,冬前分蘖2~4个,是小麦稳产的有效途径。     

高粱无融合生殖系2083自主结实特性及胚胎学研究

以2083为试材,SSA-1为无融合生殖系对照,三尺三为有性系对照,采用去雄鉴定其自主结实率;杂交后代测验,鉴定其无融合生殖频率;以及与胚胎学鉴定方法相结合,对高粱兼性无融合生殖系2083进行了研究。结果表明,2083在与其他品种杂交形成真杂种的同时,也能自主结实,具有兼性无融合生殖的性质;其自主结实率为10.48%,比     

旱稻、稗草、高粱属间杂交F2糯质胚乳现象及分析

以旱稻非糯性基因型远FH 2-1(旱稻65×长芒稗)为母本,高粱非糯性基因型沈农133为父本进行属间杂交,F2分离出糯性胚乳新性状.据群体1712株调查,糯性植株为340株,非糯性植株为1 372株.X2分析结果,该性状受两对显性基因互作影响,符合133抑制作用分离比例,不同于前人水稻糯性胚乳受一对隐性基因控制的遗传规律.     

短季棉主要农艺性状的遗传分析

选用5个早熟不早衰的短季棉品种和5 个早衰的短季棉品种进行部分双列杂交。通过对亲本、F1 和F2 代分别于2001 年和 2002 年两年田间试验研究。结果表明:子棉产量、皮棉产量和衣分3个性状以显性效应为主,其次为加性效应,同时还存在极显著的加性上位性与环境的互作效应,单铃重和成铃数以显性效应为主;与早熟有关的诸性状,生育期、始花期、铃期和果枝始节4个性状以加性效应为主,其次为显性效应,霜前花率以显性效应×环境互作效应为主,同时存在显著的加性上位效应,落叶株率以加性与加性互作上位性为主,落叶指数以加性效应为主;与纤维品质有关的诸性状,2.5%跨长、比强度、伸长率3个性状以加性效应为主,其次为显性效应,同时还存在着加性、上位性与环境的互作效应;同时还研究了产量、早熟性和纤维品质各性状之遗传和表型相关关系。     

高粱A2型细胞质雄性不育系小孢子发生的细胞学观察和减数分裂染色体行为分析

高粱凡型细胞质雄性不育性（CMS）的细胞质来源于IS12662C，A2细胞质杂交种目前已用于生产。本文以A2／B2 V4为材料，对A2CMS小孢子败育过程作了细胞学观察，并对小孢子败育过程中减数分裂的染色体行为作了分析。研究发现，在A2雄性不育系A2V4的花药发育过程中，绒毡层细胞不形成或提前解体；绒毡层细胞畸形化；绒毡层细胞虽发育正常，但小孢子母细胞减数分裂行为异常；这些都导致小孢子退化。A2细胞质雄性不育花粉母细胞减数分裂行为从后期Ⅰ开始出现异常，同源或姊妹染色体向两极分离时滞后或不分裂；染色体多倍化；一个细胞内出现多核和多核仁现象，最终导致小孢子败育。     

Tillage, cover crops, and nitrogen fertilization effects on soil nitrogen and cotton and sorghum yields

Sustainable soil and crop management practices that reduce soil erosion and nitrogen (N) leaching, conserve soil organic matter, and optimize cotton and sorghum yields still remain a challenge. We examined the influence of three tillage practices (no-till, strip till and chisel till), four cover crops {legume [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth)], nonlegume [rye (Secaele cereale L.)], vetch/rye biculture and winter weeds or no cover crop}, and three N fertilization rates (0, 60–65 and 120–130 kg N ha⁻¹) on soil inorganic N content at the 0–30 cm depth and yields and N uptake of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. A field experiment was conducted on Dothan sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthic Paleudults) from 1999 to 2002 in Georgia, USA. Nitrogen supplied by cover crops was greater with vetch and vetch/rye biculture than with rye and weeds. Soil inorganic N at the 0–10 and 10–30 cm depths increased with increasing N rate and were greater with vetch than with rye and weeds in April 2000 and 2002. Inorganic N at 0–10 cm was also greater with vetch than with rye in no-till, greater with vetch/rye than with rye and weeds in strip till, and greater with vetch than with rye and weeds in chisel till. In 2000, cotton lint yield and N uptake were greater in no-till with rye or 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in other treatments, but biomass (stems + leaves) yield and N uptake were greater with vetch and vetch/rye than with rye or weeds, and greater with 60 and 120 than with 0 kg N ha⁻¹. In 2001, sorghum grain yield, biomass yield, and N uptake were greater in strip till and chisel till than in no-till, and greater in vetch and vetch/rye with or without N than in rye and weeds with 0 or 65 kg N ha⁻¹. In 2002, cotton lint yield and N uptake were greater in chisel till, rye and weeds with 0 or 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in other treatments, but biomass N uptake was greater in vetch/rye with 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in rye and weeds with 0 or 60 kg N ha⁻¹. Increased N supplied by hairy vetch or 120–130 kg N ha⁻¹ increased soil N availability, sorghum grain yield, cotton and sorghum biomass yields, and N uptake but decreased cotton lint yield and lint N uptake compared with rye, weeds or 0 kg N ha⁻¹. Cotton and sorghum yields and N uptake can be optimized and potentials for soil erosion and N leaching can be reduced by using conservation tillage, such as no-till or strip till, with vetch/rye biculture cover crop and 60–65 kg N ha⁻¹. The results can be applied in regions where cover crops can be grown in the winter to reduce soil erosion and N leaching and where tillage intensity and N fertilization rates can be minimized to reduce the costs of energy requirement for tillage and N fertilization while optimizing crop production.