马铃薯温光反应及其与内源激素关系的研究

【目的】研究不同温光条件下马铃薯生长、块茎形成及其与内源GA3、ABA和JA的关系,为云南省马铃薯周年均衡生产及品种引进提供依据。【方法】选用云南主栽的4个马铃薯品种——大西洋、合作88、米拉和中甸红,设15℃8 h、15℃12 h、15℃16 h、25℃8 h、25℃12 h和25℃16 h共6个温光处理,观察不同温光条件下马铃薯生长及块茎形成,并对不同温光条件下的内源GA3、ABA和JA进行测定分析。【结果】马铃薯不同品种对温度和光照的敏感性存在差异,大西洋对温度反应较敏感,25℃高温条件下,8 h、12 h和16 h三个光照处理后均无块茎形成,合作88对光照反应较敏感,在16 h长日光照条件下,15℃、25℃两个温度处理后均无块茎形成, 中甸红在高温和长日照（25℃16 h）的共同作用下无块茎形成,米拉在所有温光处理下均有块茎形成。不同温光条件下马铃薯叶片内源GA3、ABA和JA测定分析结果表明,GA3在无块茎形成的温光条件下含量较高而在块茎形成温光条件下含量显著降低,ABA和JA含量无论在何种温光条件下都随马铃薯生育进程持续增高。【结论】GA3是抑制结薯的重要因子,ABA和JA含量升高与植株衰老的关系比与块茎形成的关系更为密切。     

重金属在超富集植物少花龙葵和李氏禾体内的分布和移动特征

通过研究超富集植物少花龙葵和李氏禾在加镉/铬和去镉/铬处理中重金属的富集情况,探讨镉/铬在这两种植物体内的分布和移动特征.结果显示,少花龙葵在100 mg/L Cd污染时生物量显著高于对照,根、茎和叶镉含量分别达到22 930、3 250、94 mg/kg,富集系数分别为229、32.5和0.9.去镉处理改变了镉在少花龙葵体内的分布模式.少花龙葵根、茎的镉浓度在去镉处理比加镉处理降低31.2％和35.9％,叶的镉浓度上升90.3％.少花龙葵在加镉处理成熟叶(第2、3片叶)的镉含量最高,在去镉处理中转移至老叶(第1片)和新叶(第5、6片)中.李氏禾在加铬处理20mg/L Cr(Ⅲ)和20mg/L Cr(Ⅵ)时叶生物显著低于对照,但在去铬处理恢复正常.在20 mg/L Cr(Ⅲ)和20 mg/LCr(Ⅵ)处理中李氏禾根、茎和叶的铬浓度相当,分别为7 114、1 021、223 mg/kg,富集系数分别为352、51和6.8.李氏禾不同叶位的叶片铬浓度相差不大,去铬处理没有改变铬在李氏禾体内的分布模式.结果表明,少花龙葵和李氏禾对镉或者铬污染具有很好的修复效果;镉在少花龙葵体内具有移动性,镉离子进入植物根、茎和叶后,受到外部环境影响可以进行再分配;李氏禾对铬的吸收是一个单方向过程,先在根系中积累,进而跨膜转运至茎中,少部分转移叶中,铬进入植物体各部位,很难进行再分配.     

Treatment of seed potatoes with prochloraz for simultaneous control of silver scurf and black dot on progeny tubers

Summary Potato seed tubers infected withHelminthosporium solani andColletotrichum coccodes were treated with prochloraz (as Omega 450 g a.i. l⁻¹ EC) and/or prochloraz managanese chloride (as Octave 25 g/kg DP), and planted in two separate fields not previously cultivated with potatoes. Dipping seed 28 d prior to planting in 2,4 or 6 g a.i. l⁻¹ Omega, and dusting with 500 or 750 g Octave per 100 kg seed significantly reduced the incidence of silver scurf and black dot on progeny tubers. In one field, the higher concentrations of Omega and Octave gave slightly better control than the lower Omega concentrations. At the second site, postharvest application of 4 g a.i. l⁻¹ Omega or 750 g Octave per 100 kg seed limited development of both diseases on progeny tubers, with slightly better control when an additional Octave dusting was applied 14 d before planting. None of the prochloraz treatments adversely affected plant stand or tuber yield.     

Detection of the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans in potato tubers

The root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans parasitizes a wide range of economically important crops, including potato (Solanum tuberosum). Damage by P. penetrans impacts not only the potato yield but can also reduce the tuber quality. Detailed information on tuber infection by P. penetrans is scarce for most cultivars and molecular detection of nematodes from infected tubers is needed. The objective of this study was to assess tuber symptomatology due to P. penetrans infection in 10 potato cultivars and to provide an accurate molecular methodology for nematode detection using tuber peels. Sprouts of certified potato seed from cultivars Agata, Agria, Camel, Désirée, Dirosso, Kennebec, Laura, Picasso, Royata, and Stemster were planted in 2 L pots, and soil was inoculated with 4 P. penetrans/g of soil. Sixty days after inoculation, tubers were harvested, inspected for lesions, and the number of nematodes/g of potato peel assessed. Observations of tubers with symptoms showed the presence of P. penetrans in superficial layers of peels around the lenticels and injured necrotic tissue. Different nematode stages were detected in tubers of all inoculated cultivars, varying from 4 to 46 nematodes/g of potato peel. Species-specific primers showed suitable sensitivity and reproducibility for the detection of P. penetrans in tuber potato peel samples. The molecular detection of P. penetrans directly from tuber peels can facilitate routine nematode inspections of potato seed tubers or cull potatoes for nematode detection, and prevent further dissemination of this species.     

两种入侵植物对新疆当地物种多样性的影响

[目的]调查两种入侵植物黄花刺茄和刺苍耳对新疆当地植物群落物种种类组成及物种多样性的影响.[方法]采用样方法选取两种入侵植物黄花刺茄和刺苍耳分布较多的样地,分别作20个有黄花刺茄和刺苍耳入侵的样方,并在与之相距5 m处没有其入侵的区域,作20个对照样方,应用重要值、物种丰富度指数和均匀度指数分析两种入侵植物入侵区域与未入侵区域当地群落的组成及植物多样性的变化.[结果]黄花刺茄的试验样方中共有植物6科14种,而对照样方中有7科29种;刺苍耳的对照样方中植物有11科31种,而试验样方中植物仅有9科23种.两种入侵植物验样方中多数土著物种的重要值均比对照样方中的物种重要值低,黄花刺茄样方中只有萹蓄和蒺藜的重要值相差较小;刺苍耳样方中只有狗尾草的重要值高于试验样方.两种入侵植物的试验样方和对照样方相比,物种丰富度和Pielou均匀度指数J均差异显著或极显著.[结论]黄花刺茄和刺苍耳的入侵影响了当地植物群落的结构和组成,导致物种数量减少,使物种多样性降低.     

Validation of tuber blight (Phytophthora infestans) prediction model

Potato tuber blight caused by Phytophthora infestans accounts for significant losses of tubers in storage. Despite research on infection and management of tuber blight, there is paucity of information on the prediction of the occurrence tuber blight or modelling of tuber infection by P. infestans under field conditions. A tuber blight prediction model was developed in New York in experiments conducted using cultivars Allegany, NY101, and Katahdin in 1998 and 1999. This model was validated using data collected from the potato cultivar Snowden in field experiments in Laingsburg, Michigan from 2000 to 2009. In both New York and Michigan experiments, disease was initiated by artificial inoculation of cultivars with a US-8 isolate of P. infestans. Mean leaf area affected ranged from 0 to 94% at New York, and 0 to 93% at Michigan. At New York and Michigan, mean tuber blight incidences ranged from 1 to 40% and 0 to 15%, respectively. In the validation of the model using data collected at Laingsburg, Michigan, the model correctly predicted tuber blight incidence in 7 out of 9 years. Comparison of observed with predicted values indicated that slopes of the regression line between observed and predicted germination and infection data were not significantly different (P > 0.3547). Correlation coefficient between observed and predicted values was high (r² > 0.65) and the coefficient of variation of the residuals of error was about 12%. Although inoculum availability is assumed in the model, incorporation of relationships of inoculum density, propagule survival in soil, and tuber blight incidence would greatly improve the prediction of tuber blight under field conditions.     

评价适合选育加工型马铃薯品种的杂交组合

中国马铃薯的种植面积和产量均占世界首位,随着人们生活水平的提高和饮食结构的改善,以及外资企业在中国的纷纷建厂,对食品加工型马铃薯品种的市场需求日益增加,食品加工型马铃薯品种的培育已成为当务之急。本文根据食品加工型马铃薯品种的6项选育指标(炸制品质、薯形、产量、大中薯率、抗病性、熟期),对14个马铃薯杂交组合进行单个指标的评价和组合的级别评价,最终确定组合F81109×B5141-6、B5141-6×F58050、F67128×F61101、F49013×F61101、F71002×F59103可作为选育食品加工型马铃薯品种比较有前景的杂交组合。     

番茄SlβCA3在防御丁香假单胞菌番茄致病变种中的功能

【背景】在全球气候变化的背景下,大气CO₂浓度的升高会影响植物病害的发生,进而影响农业生产。β型碳酸酐酶（β- carbonic anhydrase,βCA）是植物CO₂感应和浓缩系统中的重要组成元件,参与拟南芥和烟草的植物免疫过程,但在番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）等园艺作物中的研究较少。【目的】通过探究番茄SlβCA3在抵御植物病害中的作用及机制,为番茄生产中的抗性调控提供科学依据。【方法】以拟南芥AtβCA氨基酸系列为参考序列,在番茄Sol genomics network 数据库中鉴定到4个SlβCA。进一步以野生型（wild-type,WT）番茄‘Ailsa Craig’（AC）为材料接种丁香假单胞菌番茄致病变种（Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000,Pst DC3000）,利用qRT-PCR技术测定叶片中SlβCA的表达量,筛选出受Pst DC3000诱导表达的基因SlβCA3。在此基础上,以AC为背景,利用农杆菌介导法进行番茄遗传转化,构建SlβCA3稳定过表达植株（OE-SlβCA3）。通过观察OE-SlβCA3植株接种Pst DC3000后的抗性表型,明确SlβCA3在番茄抵御Pst DC3000过程中的作用。为了研究SlβCA3调控植物抗病性的内在机制,比较WT和OE-SlβCA3植株接种Pst DC3000与对照条件下转录组的变化,并利用KEGG数据库对差异基因进行功能分析,推测糖代谢与SlβCA3介导的免疫反应有关。最后,通过测定WT和OE-SlβCA3植株糖代谢及其信号途径相关基因表达量以及葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量,对转录组结果进行验证及分析。【结果】OE-SlβCA3植株对Pst DC3000的抗性增强,接种Pst DC3000后,叶片中的细菌生长量、病斑数以及死细胞积累量明显减少。转录组测序结果显示,正常条件下,OE-SlβCA3植株转录谱没有发生明显变化;接种Pst DC3000后,在WT和OE-SlβCA3植株中检测到2 100个Pst DC3000诱导基因,其中有63.3%的基因在OE-SlβCA3植株中表达量更高。KEGG分析结果显示,依赖于SlβCA3过表达的Pst DC3000诱导基因富集在糖代谢相关路径中,包括淀粉和蔗糖代谢,内质网中的蛋白质加工（糖基化）,氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢,真核生物中的核糖体生物合成以及光合作用等路径。糖代谢与糖信号密不可分,qRT-PCR及糖含量测定结果显示,接种Pst DC3000后,OE-SlβCA3植株叶片中糖代谢及其信号传导途径相关基因表达量与葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖的含量较WT更高。【结论】番茄SlβCA3的过表达增强了植株对Pst DC3000的抗性,该过程可能与糖代谢及其信号通路在植物免疫中的作用有关。     

Crossability relationships of andean potato varieties of three ploidy levels

Summary The formation of triploids in 4x×2x crosses was studied in primitive potato varieties from the Andes of Peru and Bolivia. Triploid frequencies were as high as 80–100% in some crosses, although the actual number of seeds was low. The triploid block varied according to the tetraploid parent, and was never entirely absent. The likelihood of triploid formation was studied in 4x×2x crosses where pollen from both tetraploids and diploids of known genotype was used. Even though the diploids were chosen for their non-production of 2n gametes, as detected in pollen grain size, 66% of the hybrids were tetraploid. The amount and probability of gene-flow between the tetraploid and diploid gene-pools, either directly through 2n gametes or through triploid bridges was examined. Most of the 20 cultivars of S. x chaucha produced seed in crosses with tetraploids and diploids, although the fertility of the latter crosses was four times higher. The female fertility of some of the triploids thus allows them to exchange genes with the tetraploids and diploids, although gene-flow occurs more rapidly through direct transfer from diploids to tetraploids via 2n gametes.     

马铃薯愈伤组织低温保存的生理变化

对马铃薯愈伤组织在常温(23～25 ℃)和低温(4 ℃)下保存90 d过程中所发生的部分生理变化进行了研究.结果表明,在低温条件下,随着保存时间的延长,SOD活性逐渐下降,但下降幅度明显低于常温条件;POD活性、Pro及可溶性糖含量随着保存时间的延长先上升后下降,POD活性明显低于常温条件,但Pro及可溶性糖含量明显高于常温条件.