贵州东部地区茶园土壤甲螨种类调查研究

报道了贵州东部地区茶园土壤甲螨111种，分属38科。以奥甲螨科、单翼甲螨科、盲甲螨科、菌甲螨科、上罗甲螨科等为茶园土壤甲螨优势类群，新小奥甲螨、卵角单翼甲螨、棒菌甲螨等为茶园土壤甲螨类动物常见种类。     

Biological decay of 18O-labeled phosphate in soils

There is an increasing demand to develop a means to trace phosphorus (P) movement through the environment as excessive inputs of P have led to the eutrophication of many fresh water bodies. ¹⁸O labeled phosphate has been suggested as a potential tool for tracing P, and other researchers are using information from natural abundance ¹⁸O levels of phosphate to study phosphorus cycling. The objective of this research was to determine the rate of biological de-labeling of ¹⁸O in soils. This objective was achieved using a laboratory incubation study in which three silt-loam textured soils were incubated with 250 mg kg⁻¹ P¹⁸O₄-P for a period of 3, 10, 30, or 50 d. The incubations were conducted on both sterilized and unsterilized soils. Following incubation, phosphate from soils was extracted with a modified Bray extractant and analyzed using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to determine the distribution of labeled phosphate species. The half-life of P¹⁸O₄ in the non-sterile soils ranged from 15 to 22 d, while there was no observed P¹⁸O₄ de-labeling in sterile soils after 50 d. A parameterized numerical model was developed which provided insight into the dynamics of the individual labeled phosphate species, including their half-lives and relative concentrations across the incubation period. The use of P¹⁸O₄ may be useful in areas where use of radioisotopes of P is restricted, and P¹⁸O₄ has potential to be useful to elucidate the dynamics of the P cycle in soils.     

The efect of Zinc (Zn) application on the available Iron (Fe) contents of calcareous soils in thrace region

This research was carried out in order to determine the effect of zinc (Zn) application on the available iron (Fe) contents of calcareous soils in Thrace Region. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions by maize growing. The effect of increasing rates of Zn application on the biological indices of maize plant was determined. Fe concentration of maize plant decreased with Zn application and dry matter yield and Fe uptake of maize plant increased with Zn application. These decreases and increases were determined to be statistically significant (P<0.01).     

沼泽地土壤圆锥指数和剪切强度的试验研究

采用ＳＹ－１水田静载承压仪和ＤＴＣ－３６土壤动态三轴测试仪测取了大庆沼泽地区两种典型土壤的圆锥指数和剪切强度,建立了圆锥指数与贯人深度关系的数学模型,分析了含水量对剪切强度的影响及该地区车辆通过性差的原因,为研制开发适于该地区行驶的新型车辆提供了依据。     

天山及其邻近地区土壤某些元素的地球化学分异初探

本文在３４个土壤剖面１８１个样品大量元素和３６个剖面１７６个样品的Ｚｎ，Ｎｉ，Ｃｕ，Ｃｏ，Ｖ等微量元素分析资料的基础上，讨论了天山及其邻近地区土壤成土的地球化学过程，这些元素的空间分异。认为天山及其邻近地区土壤的形成存在着三个主要的成土地球化学过程，即脱盐基过程，镁，钙积过程，钠积过程；随海拔高度的降低，水分减少，温度升高，元素的空间分异表现为：盐基自高山淋溶后，朝着盆地方向，按它们的盐类溶解度大     

海拔与岩性变异对石灰岩发育土壤黏土矿物组成的影响

用X射线衍射法研究了中亚热带区海拔、岩性变异对石灰岩发育土壤黏土矿物组成的影响。结果表明:在海拔约2 000 m的重庆金佛山山顶区,灰黑色钙质页岩石灰岩发育的黑色石灰土,矿物组成复杂,除伊利石为主外,还有少量蛭石、绿泥石、高岭石和蒙脱石,有一定量的母质残留矿物(滑石和滑间皂石);由砂页岩和灰岩互层母质发育的山地黄棕壤,以蛭石为主,伊利石和高岭石其次,有三水铝石和弱结晶针铁矿。在金佛山中下部(600~1 200 m),石灰岩发育的黄色石灰土以蛭石或伊利石为主,有一定量的高岭石,普遍出现针铁矿。湖南怀化盆地海拔200多米,纯灰岩发育的红色石灰土为伊利石、蛭石和高岭石(含埃洛石)组合型,有结晶好的针铁矿和少量赤铁矿。海拔显著影响高岭石含量、针铁矿结晶度,海拔降低时高岭石含量增加,针铁矿结晶度提高。在金佛山山顶区,石灰岩母质岩性和微地形变异对土壤成土过程和黏土矿物组成影响显著。     

活性碳添加技术修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展

土壤的重金属污染目前已成为我国非常重要的环境问题.活性碳（Activated Carbon,AC）具有巨大的表面积（500～1 300 m2/g）,经过不同的活化工艺还可以加入一些其他基团.这使得AC对重金属有很强的吸附能力.施加AC虽然没有将污染物从土壤中清除,但将污染物转化为不能被动植物吸收也不能迁移的吸附态,大大降低了环境风险.通过实验室内AC对重金属污染物吸附实验的研究得到了很好的效果,但是目前用于野外的AC添加技术还很少.虽然在AC吸附过程中可能存在一些负面影响,但是综合考虑多种因素,仍可合理利用AC添加技术,使得在特定地点的修复最优化.     

On the determination of total heavy metal content in saline soils and soils rich in organic matter

Abstract

Methods of soil decomposition for determination of heavy metal total content were considered. Two saline soils (chloride and sulphate solonchak solonetz) and one rich in organic matter were uzed for investigation. It has been established that decomposition by using HF‐HCl with a preliminary ignition at 500°C is a very suitable method. The type of the studied soils and the results obtained allow for this method to be recommended for decomposition of various soils.

On the basis of experiments with modelled soils it has been proved that possibilities for heavy metal losses on ignition are created when NaCl content and the percentage of weakly bound heavy metals (water‐soluble, exchangeable, etc.) are high. Under the conditions of the experiment (acid soils ‐ pH 4.3 and 5.0) losses of Zn and Pb but not of Cu have been incurred. Although these cases are not typical, this requires the applicability of the method for such particular occasions to be checked.