洞庭湖退田还湖滩地杨树人工林土壤DDT残留特征及风险评价

为了评估洞庭湖滩地退田还湖后杨树人工林土壤中DDT的残留特征和生态危害情况,对杨树人工林土壤中DDT的质量分数及它们的异构体组成进行了分析。结果表明:洞庭湖退田还湖滩地杨树人工林表层土壤中DDT残留很普遍,DDT质量分数平均值为3.5788μg/kg,质量分数范围为2.7450～4.9964μg/kg,DDT的质量分数均远低于国家土壤环境质量标准中的自然背景值;DDT异构体之间的质量分数也存在差异,p,p'-DDT的残留量最大,p,p'-DDD的残留量最低;DDT与土壤有机质质量分数之间几乎没有相关性;土壤中DDE/DDT的比值绝大部分大于1,DDT/(DDD+DDE)比值均大于1,表明该样地大部分地点DDT降解环境为好氧条件,并且该地区有新的DDT输入。另外,洞庭湖滩地杨树人工林土壤中DDT生态风险较低,但由于存在新的输入源,存在潜在的生态风险。     

萘在土壤上的吸附行为及温度影响的研究

采用批量平衡法研究了多环芳烃萘在塿土耕层土、塿土粘化层土、塿土古土壤、黄壤、紫色土和石灰土上的吸附行为,比较了不同吸附模型方程对实验数据的拟合情况,并探讨了温度对萘在土壤上吸附行为的影响机理及吸附热力学特征。Henry模型、Freundlich模型和deBoer-Zwikker极化模型均能较好地拟合萘的吸附等温线;45℃下的吸附等温线明显地高于25℃的吸附等温线,表现出随温度升高吸附量增大的趋势。Freundlich模型的吸附容量参数Kf和deBoer-Zwikker模型的起始吸附势ε0在两个温度下有极显著的差异;但Freundlich模型的n参数表征了土壤颗粒表面的性质,对温度变化不敏感。在25℃条件下,萘在土壤有机碳上的分配可能是吸附的主要机制,但随着温度增加,吸附机制变得复杂。土壤对萘的吸附是一吸热反应,整个吸附体系中熵增是吸附作用进行的主要驱动力。     

Tillage effects on soil hydraulic properties in space and time: State of the science

Soil tillage practices can affect soil hydraulic properties and processes dynamically in space and time with consequent and coupled effects on chemical movement and plant growth. This literature review addresses the quantitative effects of soil tillage and associated management (e.g., crop residues) on the temporal and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties. Our review includes incidental management effects, such as soil compaction, and natural sources of variability, such as topography. Despite limited research on space–time predictions, many studies have addressed management effects on soil hydraulic properties and processes relevant to improved understanding of the sources of variability and their interactions in space and time. Whether examined explicitly or implicitly, the literature includes studies of interactions between treatments, such as tillage and residue management. No-tillage (NT) treatments have been compared with various tillage practices under a range of conditions with mixed results. The trend, if any, is for NT to increase macropore connectivity while generating inconsistent responses in total porosity and soil bulk density compared with conventional tillage practices. This corresponds to a general increase in ponded or near-zero tension infiltration rates and saturated hydraulic conductivities. Similarly, controlled equipment traffic may have significant effects on soil compaction and related hydraulic properties on some soils, but on others, landscape and temporal variability overwhelm wheel-track effects. Spatial and temporal variability often overshadows specific management effects, and several authors have recognized this in their analyses and interpretations. Differences in temporal variability depend on spatial locations between rows, within fields at different landscape positions, and between sites with different climates and dominant soil types. Most tillage practices have pronounced effects on soil hydraulic properties immediately following tillage application, but these effects can diminish rapidly. Long-term effects on the order of a decade or more can appear less pronounced and are sometimes impossible to distinguish from natural and unaccounted management-induced variability. New standards for experimental classification are essential for isolating and subsequently generalizing space–time responses. Accordingly, enhanced methods of field measurement and data collection combined with explicit spatio-temporal modeling and parameter estimation should provide quantitative predictions of soil hydraulic behavior due to tillage and related agricultural management.     

On the determination of total heavy metal content in saline soils and soils rich in organic matter

Abstract

Methods of soil decomposition for determination of heavy metal total content were considered. Two saline soils (chloride and sulphate solonchak solonetz) and one rich in organic matter were uzed for investigation. It has been established that decomposition by using HF‐HCl with a preliminary ignition at 500°C is a very suitable method. The type of the studied soils and the results obtained allow for this method to be recommended for decomposition of various soils.

On the basis of experiments with modelled soils it has been proved that possibilities for heavy metal losses on ignition are created when NaCl content and the percentage of weakly bound heavy metals (water‐soluble, exchangeable, etc.) are high. Under the conditions of the experiment (acid soils ‐ pH 4.3 and 5.0) losses of Zn and Pb but not of Cu have been incurred. Although these cases are not typical, this requires the applicability of the method for such particular occasions to be checked.     

Geogenetische und pedogenetische untersuchungen in verlandungsmooren und verlandungssäumen von seen im Havelland

In 10 Verlandungsmooren bzw. Verlandungssäumen von Seen mit unterschiedlicher Trophie wurden geogenetische und pedogenetische Untersuchungen an limnischen Sedimenten vorgenommen. In einigen Verlandungsmooren wurde der subhydrische Bodentyp Gyttja gefunden, der nur mit Tiefständen des Seespiegels erklärt werden kann. Several trophie geogenic and pedogenic investigations have been carried out in 10 fens and silted-up lakes. The subhydric soil type, gyttja, was found in some of the fens, where previously there were low levels of water.     

Effect of fermentation residue on the spectral reflectance properties of soils

Considering that the reflected electromagnetic energy from a soil sample interacts with many of its components (mineralogy, texture and chemical properties), remote sensing can be important to detect the presence of industry residues in the soil. An example of these residues is the largely used vinasse, originated from the production of ethanol by fermentation of sugarcane. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate, using remote sensing the effect of this residue on the reflectance properties of two important tropical soils, a Typic Quartzipsament (TQ) and a Typic Argiudoll (TA) collected in São Paulo State (Brazil). The soil samples were treated with different doses of the residue and incubated. An Infra Red Intelligent Spectroradiometer sensor was used in laboratory. TQ presented a differentiated spectral reflectance (SR) curve in relation to TA, due to low Fe, organic matter and magnetite contents. Significant spectral differences in the reflectance intensities and absorption bands were found between both soils. The reactions of the residue with soils altered their chemical properties and increased reflectance intensity as well, according to the doses. Higher significant differences were observed in the reflectance of TQ. The proportional increase of the reflectance with doses of residue was due to the increase of calcium and potassium contents present in the product. The bands that detected residue presence in the soils were those of 760–900, 2.080–2.350, 2.350–2.500 nm for TQ, and 760–900, 1.118–1.270, 1.300–1.460, 1.550–1.750 nm for TA. Remote sensing technique as soil line was important on the detection of residue variations. The TM-Landsat data simulation presented the same behavior as in the laboratory, but less detailed. These elements contribute to the increase in reflectance not altering, however, the shape of the curves or the absorption bands. This study presents a new research trend where remote sensing can be used in agriculture as well as in environmental monitoring studies related to residues.     

Concentrations of Cadmium,Lead and Mercury in Different Soils in Two Swedish Forest Catchments

Accumulation of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg), as affected by organic matter content, pH of different soil compartments and the physicochemical properties of each metal, was studied in different soil types within two forested catchments of the Norway spruce (Picea abies - Vaccinium myrtillus) type. Independent of soil type, the highest metal concentrations were found in the organic layers of the soil, usually in the surface soil. The concentrations in the upper part of the mineral subsoil were about one-fifth to one-tenth, or less, of those in the organic surface soil. Concentration maxima in the B-horizon were more pronounced for Cd and Hg than for Pb. When comparing soil types, the highest concentrations of Cd were found in the less acidified fens in the discharge area, while for Hg and Pb the highest concentrations usually occurred in the mor layer of the well-drained Podzols. For all metals, the soil types with the largest accumulation had concentrations up to 2-3-fold higher in the organic layers than those with the smallest accumulation.     

Straw Management Effects on Organic Matter Mineralization and Salinity in Semiarid Agricultural Soils

The impact of straw incorporation (6 Mg ha -1 year -1 ) into agricultural soils compared with straw removal on organic matter mineralization and salinity was studied. The mineralization coefficient (CO 2 -C evolved/organic C ratio) was obtained to evaluate organic matter mineralization. Soil salinity was measured as means of electrolytic conductivity of saturation paste extract. Both parameters were measured seasonally during two years in two salt-affected soils of the semiarid Central Ebro Valley (northeast Spain), a saline soil and a saline-sodic soil. The electrolytic conductivity (ranging from 2.5 dS m -1 to 24.3 dS m -1 ) and the mineralization coefficient (ranging from 5.9 10 -4 day -1 to 37.9 10 -4 day -1 ) varied widely during seasonal samplings of both soils. The lowest electrolytic conductivity values, coincided with the highest mineralization coefficient values. Straw mulching and burying decreased significantly the average seasonal electrolytic conductivity of both soils: 2.5 times in the saline soil, and 1.9 times in the saline-sodic soil. The EC reduction only increased significantly (P < 0.05) the mineralization coefficient on saline soil (1.6 times). Straw amendment, followed by rainy periods, allowed the soluble salts leaching but did not modify significantly sodium content. A logarithmic regression was found between mineralization coefficient and electrolytic conductivity (r 2 = 0.41), considering both soils. Infiltration, water aggregate stability, and qCO 2 were improved with the straw amendment, but only in saline soil. Soil differences showed the existence of a double effect: an osmotic and a specific ion effect.     

活性碳添加技术修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展

土壤的重金属污染目前已成为我国非常重要的环境问题.活性碳（Activated Carbon,AC）具有巨大的表面积（500～1 300 m2/g）,经过不同的活化工艺还可以加入一些其他基团.这使得AC对重金属有很强的吸附能力.施加AC虽然没有将污染物从土壤中清除,但将污染物转化为不能被动植物吸收也不能迁移的吸附态,大大降低了环境风险.通过实验室内AC对重金属污染物吸附实验的研究得到了很好的效果,但是目前用于野外的AC添加技术还很少.虽然在AC吸附过程中可能存在一些负面影响,但是综合考虑多种因素,仍可合理利用AC添加技术,使得在特定地点的修复最优化.