甘肃省主要农业区土壤对磷的吸附与解吸特性

实测的等温吸附曲线与常用的Freundlich、Langmuir及Temkin的吸附模式均很吻合,全部相关系数均达极显着水平。由吸附曲线得到的土壤对磷的吸附特性值(k·x_m)差异较大,东部地区较西部高,覆盖黑垆土>黄绵土>黑麻土>灌漠土。影响土壤吸磷的因素主要是土壤有机质含量和阳离子代换量(CEC),有机质含量越高,土壤对磷的吸附结合能越小,而吸磷量增加;土壤吸附磷的解吸曲线不同层次与土壤吸附磷的结合方式不同有关。水溶性磷加入土壤后,首先形成二钙磷,其次是Al-P,再次是八钙磷,并逐渐形成更难溶的磷酸盐形式。     

长期施肥对稻田土壤硒含量形态及分布的影响

 从湖南省 9个稻田肥力定位监测点经过 12年试验的 3个处理 (无肥、化肥、有机肥 )采集土壤 ,分析硒的含量与形态。结果表明 ,与无肥处理比较 ,施用化肥或有机肥都能提高耕作层土壤全硒、腐殖酸硒和交换性硒的含量 ,提高腐殖酸硒和交换性硒占全硒的比例 ,提高稻谷与稻草的含硒量 ;施化肥可提高腐殖酸硒中富里酸硒的比例 ,施有机肥可提高腐殖酸硒中胡敏酸硒的比例。施肥对剖面硒分布的影响与稻田淋溶强度有关。 3处理土壤硒的剖面分布相同的是 :全硒、腐殖酸硒、富里酸硒含量为A层 >W层 >C层 ,但同一土层硒的含量施肥处理高于无肥处理 ;腐殖酸硒 /全硒为A层 >C层 >W层 ,富里酸硒 /腐殖酸硒为C、W层 >A层。 3处理的交换性硒 /全硒以无肥处理的A层最低 ,W层最高。     

土壤不同形态钾含量与土壤颗粒的关系

土壤含钾矿物同其他矿物颗粒一起均分布在不同粒级的土粒中，这些土粒在不同的土壤中构成了不同的配合比例，形成不同的土壤质地的属性。统计表明，〈0．05mm与〈0．01mm粒级间呈极显著线性相关（r=0．896^＊＊，n=92），相关分析表明，不同粒级的土粒与不同形态钾间呈显著线性或曲线显著相关，而全钾只与〈0．05mm粒径的土粒呈极显著相关（r=0．234^＊＊，n=73），全钾与速效钾的数量关系通过全钾、〈0．05mm、〈0．01mm粒级与速效钾系统相关组合的算式以数学的方法计算速效钾含量。     

我国环境土壤和湖泊沉积物中放射性核素Pu空间分布特征研究

人类对环境造成的污染日益严重,而放射性核素对环境的污染却尤为严重.通过对我国已有文献报道的土壤和湖泊沉积物中放射性核素Pu的来源、活度和分布特征综合分析,表明我国不同地区表层土壤中放射性核素239+240Pu活度浓度差异较大,但均在1 mBq/g以下.大部分地区土壤中Pu的沉积通量均＜60 Bq/m2,可判定这些地区的Pu均来源于全球沉降,并没有来自我国大气核试验的区域沉降.新疆核试验区周边以外地区240Pu/239Pu比值也与全球沉降比值0.18相似.我国湖泊沉积物中Pu沉积通量差异也较大,但湖泊沉积物中240Pu/239Pu原子比值均与全球沉降的Pu比值接近,没有显著差异.     

基于修复与生产耦合的菜地土壤铅原位淋洗-固化研究

[目的]找寻适合于轻中度土壤污染的有效修复技术.[方法]采用原位田间试验,研究表层淋洗-深层固化对重庆市菜地土壤-蔬菜系统铅的耦合修复效果.[结果]酒石酸淋洗-硫化钠固化联合修复对蔬菜中Pb的削减率为46.4％,对表层土壤中Pb的削减率为8.45％,对深层土壤中Pb的固化率为9.3％.EDTA淋洗虽然可削减蔬菜中的铅含量,但同时也降低了蔬菜产量.[结论]耦合修复技术在不影响正常生产活动的同时,降低了蔬菜中的重金属含量,既能保证蔬菜的安全性,又能够尽量减少菜农经济损失,是一种适合于轻中度土壤重金属污染的修复技术.     

延边主要苹果梨产区土壤稀土元素地球化学特征研究

针对延边地区苹果梨主产区进行土壤稀土元素地球化学特征的研究,以便于进一步分析土壤与果品的相关关系,提高苹果梨的产量和品质.结果表明:龙井、三合、图们和珲春4个苹果梨主产区的土壤稀土元素的平均含量分别为169.13、227.4、159.59、130.91 mg/kg;4个产区的 (La/Sm) N 的值皆远大于1,(Gd/Yb) N 的值略大于1,δCe的值接近1,δEu的值小于1.除三合产区外,其他3个研究区的土壤稀土元素总量皆低于中国大陆土壤中稀土元素的含量186.8 mg/kg;土壤中稀土元素的含量曲线基本保持一致,遵循奥多-哈金斯法则,呈对数分布;稀土元素中轻重稀土分馏明显,呈现轻稀土相对富集,Eu元素亏损;研究区内不同土壤类型中稀土元素含量不同,不同地质背景的土壤稀土元素分配具有差异,不同地貌单元的土壤稀土元素含量也不同.     

Tillage effects on soil hydraulic properties in space and time: State of the science

Soil tillage practices can affect soil hydraulic properties and processes dynamically in space and time with consequent and coupled effects on chemical movement and plant growth. This literature review addresses the quantitative effects of soil tillage and associated management (e.g., crop residues) on the temporal and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties. Our review includes incidental management effects, such as soil compaction, and natural sources of variability, such as topography. Despite limited research on space–time predictions, many studies have addressed management effects on soil hydraulic properties and processes relevant to improved understanding of the sources of variability and their interactions in space and time. Whether examined explicitly or implicitly, the literature includes studies of interactions between treatments, such as tillage and residue management. No-tillage (NT) treatments have been compared with various tillage practices under a range of conditions with mixed results. The trend, if any, is for NT to increase macropore connectivity while generating inconsistent responses in total porosity and soil bulk density compared with conventional tillage practices. This corresponds to a general increase in ponded or near-zero tension infiltration rates and saturated hydraulic conductivities. Similarly, controlled equipment traffic may have significant effects on soil compaction and related hydraulic properties on some soils, but on others, landscape and temporal variability overwhelm wheel-track effects. Spatial and temporal variability often overshadows specific management effects, and several authors have recognized this in their analyses and interpretations. Differences in temporal variability depend on spatial locations between rows, within fields at different landscape positions, and between sites with different climates and dominant soil types. Most tillage practices have pronounced effects on soil hydraulic properties immediately following tillage application, but these effects can diminish rapidly. Long-term effects on the order of a decade or more can appear less pronounced and are sometimes impossible to distinguish from natural and unaccounted management-induced variability. New standards for experimental classification are essential for isolating and subsequently generalizing space–time responses. Accordingly, enhanced methods of field measurement and data collection combined with explicit spatio-temporal modeling and parameter estimation should provide quantitative predictions of soil hydraulic behavior due to tillage and related agricultural management.     

红透山铜尾矿重金属分布及其对土壤重金属污染的影响

通过对红透山铜尾矿重金属分布及尾矿区和农田区土壤重金属污染状况进行研究,结果显示:尾矿中四种重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd均出现不同程度的淋滤-富集现象,对周围土壤存在较大的环境威胁。尾矿区土壤综合污染指数16.27,达重污染程度;周围农田土壤为轻度污染,综合污染指数1.29。四种重金属的污染状况分别为:Cd、Cu为重度污染,Zn为轻度污染,Pb为安全级别。     

Scaling patterns of biomass and soil properties: an empirical analysis

We argue that studies at multiple scales must necessarilychange the extent of measurements, not just the spacing, in order toeffectivelycapture information regarding processes at multiple scales. We have implementeda multi-scale sampling scheme using transects of 10 cm, 1m, 10 m, 100 m, and 1 km ateach of four sites along an elevational gradient from dry foothills forest toalpine tundra in the Front Range of Colorado; these four sites form anadditional transect of 22 km. Along each of these transects wetookten equally spaced soil cores and measured variables important in determiningboth microbial and plant community structure: soil water content, organicmattercontent, pH, and total soil biomass. With this sampling scheme we are able totreat scale as an independent variable in our analyses, and our data show thatboth particular sites and particular variables can determine whether estimatesof mean values are scale-dependent or not. A geostatistical analysis using allof our data shows common relationships between scales across ecologicallydiverse sites; biomass shows the most complex pattern of distribution acrossscales, as measured by fractal dimension. Our analyses also reveal theinadequacy of several standard geostatistical models when applied to data frommultiple scales of measurement – we recommend the use of the boundedpowerlaw model in such cases. We hypothesize that because biological communitiesmustrespond simultaneously to multiple variables with differing patterns of spatialvariation, the spatial variation of biological communities will be at least ascomplex as the most complex environmental variable at any given site.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

上海市区公园土壤重金属含量及其污染评价

通过对上海市区44个公园土壤重金属含量的调查,发现市区公园表层土壤Pb、Zn、Cu和Cr的平均含量分别为55.1mg kg-1,198.5 mg kg-1、44.6 mg kg-1、77.0 mg kg-1。以上海土壤背景值为标准,用内梅罗指数法综合评价上海市区公园土壤重金属污染状况为:绝大部分公园为轻污染,9个为中度污染,7个达重度污染。通过对公园土壤重金属含量的空间分析发现:内环线附近公园土壤Pb、Zn和Cu的平均含量最高,Cr的平均含量以内外环线之间公园为最高。上海市区公园较严重的重金属污染可能来源于交通和工业污染,与公园建成时间无显著性相关。