河套灌区井渠结合膜下滴灌土壤盐分演化规律

针对内蒙古河套灌区井渠结合的问题,基于SaltMod模型建立井灌区和渠灌区水盐均衡模型,并引入含水层侧向交换量对模型进行改进,利用隆胜井渠结合试验区15 a水盐观测资料对改进的模型进行率定和验证,采用验证后的模型分析了隆胜井渠结合区在现状条件下以及在井渠结合膜下滴灌推广实施后区域的土壤盐分演化规律。结果表明,现状条件下隆胜井渠结合区土壤盐分基本稳定,尤其是渠灌区根系层盐分基本稳定,保持在较低水平,可以在长时期内满足作物生长的需求。当推广井渠结合膜下滴灌后,井灌区的生育期灌溉定额和地下水埋深对其灌溉用地根系层土壤盐分积累的影响较小,而地下水矿化度与秋浇频率的影响较大。对于井灌区,建议采用黄河水2年1次进行秋浇压盐,可以长期将土壤全盐维持在3 g/kg以下,以满足作物生长需求。     

化学萃取修复砷污染土壤的研究进展

因含砷化学品的使用引发重大砷污染事件时有发生,而土壤是其最大的受害者。土壤中的砷会在农作物体内富集影响其生长并可通过食物链进入人体对人类健康造成的严重的危害。因此有必要寻找一种快速高效的方法对砷污染土壤进行修复。化学萃取修复技术具有可修复严重砷污染土壤,效率高,修复时间短,操作简单等优点,目前应用的较广泛。本文综述了化学萃取技术的原理、步骤、过程以及砷污染土壤的化学萃取修复技术中一些对砷萃取效率的影响因素,指出了化学萃取修复技术可能的改进方向为砷污染修复的进一步研究提供了理论依据。     

苯醚甲环唑在土壤中的降解动力学及其影响因子

研究了苯醚甲环唑在北京、萧县、杭州及长沙4个地区土壤中的降解动力学,并探讨了土壤微生物、温度、含水量及药剂质量分数对其降解的影响.结果表明:苯醚甲环唑在4个地区土壤中的降解半衰期为11.63～21.77 d.土壤微生物对苯醚甲环唑降解起主导作用,灭菌土壤降解半衰期是非灭菌条件下的6.09倍;15～40℃范围内,温度升高,土壤中苯醚甲环唑降解加快,15～25℃降解速率增加幅度较大;士壤含水量过高(150%)和过低(25%)都不利于苯醚甲环唑降解,而土壤中药剂质量分数的增大对苯醚甲环唑降解则起阻碍作用.     

多氯联苯在紫花苜蓿体内的积累、分布及形态

以紫花苜蓿为材料,研究了多氯联苯(PCBs)在植物根、根瘤、地上部中的积累、分布及存在形态.结果表明,PCBs在紫花苜蓿根、根瘤和茎叶部均有不同程度的积累,其含量为根瘤＞根＞茎叶,而积累量则表现为根＞茎叶＞根瘤,其差异均达极显著水平(p＜0.01),根系表现为主要富集部位.化学连续提取法结果表明,紫花苜蓿根中PCBs可...     

秸秆还田对烤烟根际微生物种群数量的影响

为了改善土壤质量,提高烟叶品质,探讨秸秆还田对植烟土壤根际微生物的影响,对麦秆还田、稻秆还田、无秸秆还田进行了比较试验。利用选择培养基,以麦秆还田、稻秆还田的植烟土壤为对象,无秸秆还田植烟土壤作为对照,对烟草根际微生物（主要是细菌、真菌、放线菌）进行了分离和测数。结果表明,秸秆还田能明显的增加植烟土壤根际微生物的数量。还田的秸秆种类不同,根际不同的微生物数量变化不一样。总体来说,麦秆还田的植烟土壤根际细菌和放线菌数量最多,稻秆还田的植烟土壤根际细菌和放线菌数量次之,空白对照组的植烟土壤根际细菌和放线菌数量最少。根际真菌的数量,空白对照组的土壤中最多,麦秆还田的次之,稻秆还田的真菌数量最少。从不同秸秆还田的植烟土壤中分离的根际自生固氮菌、磷细菌、钾细菌以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主,分别属于10个属,不同秸秆还田条件对根际3类细菌的种类和数量都有影响。     

Comparative evaluation of residual and total metal analyses in polluted soils

Abstract

Two digestion procedures, employing aqua regia‐HF (ARHF) and HNO₃‐HCIO4‐HF (HHH), were used to analyze residual metals (following a chemical fractionation scheme) and total metal content of two soils, one moderately polluted by municipal sludge applications and the other a grossly‐contaminated sample (20.8% Pb) from a battery recycling site. Although commonly used in sequential extraction analyses, the ARHF method solubilized only 53% (significant at p = 0.05) of the HHH‐determined residual Pb in the battery soil. For the sludge‐amended soil, residual Cd, Pb, and Zn were not statistically different by the two methods. For the battery soil, a single ARHF extraction also underestimated total Pb and Cu relative to HHH, but both methods gave statistically‐similar total Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn for the sludge‐amended soil. As the sample metal concentration increased, the ability of ARHF to solubilize HHH‐equivalent metal quantities generally decreased. Since the degree of contamination is often unknown for environmental samples, the HHH method is more reliable for assessing residual and total metals in polluted soils     

Estimation of biomass and carbon stocks in plants,soil and forest floor in different tropical forests

An accurate characterization of tree carbon (TC), forest floor carbon (FFC) and soil organic carbon (SOC) in tropical forest plantations is important to estimate their contribution to global carbon stocks. This information, however, is poor and fragmented. Carbon contents were assessed in patula pine (Pinus patula) and teak (Tectona grandis) stands in tropical forest plantations of different development stages in combination with inventory assessments and soil survey information. Growth models were used to associate TOC to tree normal diameter (D) with average basal area and total tree height (H_T), with D and H_T parameters that can be used in 6–26 years old patula pine and teak in commercial tropical forests as indicators of carbon stocks. The information was obtained from individual trees in different development stages in 54 patula pine plots and 42 teak plots. The obtained TC was 99.6 Mg ha⁻¹ in patula pine and 85.7 Mg ha⁻¹ in teak forests. FFC was 2.3 and 1.2 Mg ha⁻¹, SOC in the surface layer (0–25 cm) was 92.6 and 35.8 Mg ha⁻¹, 76.1 and 19 Mg ha⁻¹ in deep layers (25–50 cm) in patula pine and teak, respectively. Carbon storage in trees was similar between patula pine and teak plantations, but patula pine had higher levels of forest floor carbon and soil organic carbon. Carbon storage in trees represents 37 and 60% of the total carbon content in patula pine and teak plantations, respectively. Even so, the remaining percentage corresponds to SOC, whereas FFC content is less than 1%. In summary, differences in carbon stocks between patula pine and teak trees were not significant, but the distribution of carbon differed between the plantation types. The low FFC does not explain the SOC stocks; however, current variability of SOC stocks could be related to variation in land use history.     

甘肃省主要农业区土壤对磷的吸附与解吸特性

实测的等温吸附曲线与常用的Freundlich、Langmuir及Temkin的吸附模式均很吻合,全部相关系数均达极显着水平。由吸附曲线得到的土壤对磷的吸附特性值(k·x_m)差异较大,东部地区较西部高,覆盖黑垆土>黄绵土>黑麻土>灌漠土。影响土壤吸磷的因素主要是土壤有机质含量和阳离子代换量(CEC),有机质含量越高,土壤对磷的吸附结合能越小,而吸磷量增加;土壤吸附磷的解吸曲线不同层次与土壤吸附磷的结合方式不同有关。水溶性磷加入土壤后,首先形成二钙磷,其次是Al-P,再次是八钙磷,并逐渐形成更难溶的磷酸盐形式。     

我国环境土壤和湖泊沉积物中放射性核素Pu空间分布特征研究

人类对环境造成的污染日益严重,而放射性核素对环境的污染却尤为严重.通过对我国已有文献报道的土壤和湖泊沉积物中放射性核素Pu的来源、活度和分布特征综合分析,表明我国不同地区表层土壤中放射性核素239+240Pu活度浓度差异较大,但均在1 mBq/g以下.大部分地区土壤中Pu的沉积通量均＜60 Bq/m2,可判定这些地区的Pu均来源于全球沉降,并没有来自我国大气核试验的区域沉降.新疆核试验区周边以外地区240Pu/239Pu比值也与全球沉降比值0.18相似.我国湖泊沉积物中Pu沉积通量差异也较大,但湖泊沉积物中240Pu/239Pu原子比值均与全球沉降的Pu比值接近,没有显著差异.     

Transformation and bioavailability of specifically sorbed phosphate on variable-charge minerals in soils

Crop production on red soils in China is largely limited by the low availability of phosphorus, which is frequently attributed to the adsorption of phosphate by variable-charge minerals including Fe and Al oxides and kaolinite. Isotopic tracing analysis and soil incubation were carried out to investigate the desorption and microbial transformation of applied specifically sorbed P in two pH-contrasting light-textured soils. A rapid release of P from the added mineral-P surface complex in the two tested soils was observed. Most of the released P was recovered in a 0.5MNaHCO₃ extract and in soil microbial biomass. Microbial biomass-³²P was detected at early stages of incubation and reached up to 10–30% of the added ³²P. Approximately 50–70% of the added complex ³²P, varying between minerals and soils, was extractable in the 0.5MNaHCO₃ at 75 days after incubation for the acid soil but up to 120 days for the neutral soil. Microbial biomass-P plus 0.5MNaHCO₃-extractable ³²P accounted for more than 60–80% of total added complex-³²P, implying high desorption and transformation of the specifically sorbed P in the two soils. There was more inorganic ³²P than organic ³²P in the NaHCO₃ extract, suggesting that chemical release of specifically sorbed P was dominant. Ligand exchange and chemical desorption due to a change in environmental conditions such as pH and ionic strength are likely the major mechanisms responsible for the chemical release of specifically sorbed ³²P in the tested soils. Received: 29 September 1996