Root zone temperature alters storage root formation and growth of sweetpotato

Large mounds amended with plant residues are a common cultivation method for sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) in the western parts of the Papua New Guinea highlands, with a suggested benefit of elevated root zone temperature (RZT) from decomposition. This study aimed to evaluate whether RZT affects the formation and growth of sweetpotato storage roots. Experiments evaluated the effects of a constant elevated RZT on the Beauregard cultivar and of a short‐term increase in RZT on the Beauregard and Northern Star cultivars. Plants were grown in 18‐L pots divided into a control compartment (constant RZT at 20°C) and a treated compartment (RZT at 30, 40 or 50°C). Constant elevated RZT was maintained until harvest, while short‐term increase in RZT occurred in weeks 2 and 3 only. Constant elevated RZT did not affect the total number of storage roots, but RZT of 30°C and above reduced the dry‐biomass of storage roots. The short‐term increase in RZT did not alter the total number or dry‐biomass of storage roots in Beauregard, while both of these attributes were reduced at RZT of 40°C or above in Northern Star. Elevated RZT inhibited dry‐biomass accumulation of storage root, with a more pronounced impact at constant elevated RZT. These results demonstrate that any benefits of the mound culture on sweetpotato yield production do not arise through the influence of temperature elevation.     

孕穗期低温条件下ABA对水稻结实率及叶片生理特性的影响

为了明确ABA对孕穗期低温下水稻结实率及叶片生理特性的调控效应,本试验在盆栽条件下,以2个水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种‘龙粳11’（冷敏型）和‘龙稻5’（耐冷型）为材料,于孕穗期在人工气候室进行低温（15℃,持续1,2,3,4,5天）处理,并喷施不同浓度的脱落酸(ABA),研究低温条件下ABA对不同水稻结实率的调控效应,同时探讨了ABA和低温对水稻叶片膜透性、抗氧化酶等生理特性的影响。结果表明：低温条件下,‘龙稻5’的结实率变化不大,‘龙粳11’的结实率显著降低,20 mg/L的ABA能够有效缓解低温伤害,相对提高低温胁迫下水稻的结实率。叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性表现出先升高后下降的变化趋势,‘龙稻5’的抗氧化酶活性、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量高于‘龙粳11’,但丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率低于‘龙粳11’。ABA可提高冷敏品种的抗氧化酶活性、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量,同时可降低MDA含量和相对电导率。这说明ABA可以通过调控水稻抗氧化酶、可溶性糖等生理指标的活性及含量,进而提高冷敏水稻品种的耐冷性。     

低温胁迫下硼酸对兰引3号结缕草的生理效应初探

［目的］探讨低温胁迫下不同浓度的硼酸溶液对兰引3号结缕草各项生理指标的影响,为提高低温胁迫下兰引3号结缕草草坪质量提供参考。［方法］以兰引3号结缕草为供试品种,用2种不同浓度的硼酸溶液（16、32μmol/L）喷施2次,研究低温胁迫下硼酸对兰引3号结缕草叶绿素、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量及相对膜透性的影响。［结果］低温胁迫下16μmol/L硼酸处理及32μmol/L硼酸处理都能提高兰引3号结缕草叶绿素、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量,同时降低丙二醛含量,另外,对保护细胞膜系统也起到积极作用。其中,以16μmol/L硼酸处理的效果较好,叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量及游离脯氨酸含量分别比对照提高了37.5%、41.2%、45.1%,而丙二醛含量则降低了16.4%,相对膜透性降低了145.0%（A260）和50.0%（A280）。［结论］低温胁迫下,16μmol/L硼酸处理有利于增强兰引3号结缕草抵御低温冷害的能力。     

土壤肥力对高产小麦品种烟农1212旗叶叶绿素荧光特性和产量的影响

为了解土壤肥力对小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光特性和籽粒产量的影响,以高产小麦品种烟农1212为材料,比较分析了常年小麦产量水平为12 000和9 000kg·hm-2的高低两种土壤肥力条件下麦田土壤贮水消耗量、小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、叶面积指数和籽粒灌浆速率的差异。结果表明:(1)高肥力下小麦全生育期60～100cm土层土壤贮水消耗量显著高于低肥力。(2)相对于低土壤肥力,高土壤肥力显著增加了小麦旗叶开花后21～35d的叶绿素相对含量和实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、开花后28d和35d的最大潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qp)以及开花后14～35d相对电子传递速率(ETR)。高土壤肥力下小麦在孕穗期、开花期、开花后21～35d具有较高的叶面积指数。(3)高土壤肥力可显著提高灌浆中后期的籽粒灌浆速率,显著增加籽粒产量及其构成因素、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力。由此可见,高土壤肥力能够改善小麦光合能力,有利于产量形成,进而提高产量和促进水肥高效利用。     

用预测-校正法计算热油管道的轴向温降

针对长输埋地热油管道轴向温降计算误差大的问题,在充分考虑影响热油管道轴向温降各种因素的基础上,研究了油品物性(密度、比热容、粘度)和总传热系数与温度变化的关系,建立了热油管道稳定运行时轴向温降的数学模型,并采用预测-校正法求解数学模型.该模型较适用于有进出油点的管道,与常规的计算方法比较,该模型更接近实测值,精度较高.     

An inter-laboratory comparison of multi-enzyme and multiple substrate-induced respiration assays to assess method consistency in soil monitoring

The use of indicators in soil monitoring schemes to detect changes in soil quality is receiving increased attention, particularly the application of soil biological methods. However, to date, the ability to compare information from different laboratories applying soil microbiological techniques in broad-scale monitoring has rarely been taken into account. This study aimed to assess the consistency and repeatability of two techniques that are being evaluated for use as microbiological indicators of soil quality: multi-enzyme activity assay and multiple substrate-induced respiration (MSIR). Data were tested for intrinsic (within-assay plate) variation, inter-laboratory repeatability (geometric mean regression and correlation coefficient) and land-use discrimination (principal components analysis). Intrinsic variation was large for both assays suggesting that high replicate numbers are required. Inter-laboratory repeatability showed diverging patterns for the enzyme assay and MSIR. Discrimination of soils was significant for both techniques with relatively consistent patterns; however, combined laboratory discrimination analyses for each technique showed inconsistent correspondence between the laboratories. These issues could be addressed through the adoption of reliable analytical standards for biological methods along with adequate replication. However, until the former is addressed, dispersed analyses are not currently advisable for monitoring schemes.     

土壤水分变化动态对夏玉米生理代谢的影响

利用大型活动式防雨旱棚,人工控制土壤不同的含水量,对夏玉米生育期间叶片ABA含量,硝酸还原酶的含量以及夏玉米生物性状与土壤水分含量的关系进行研究.结果表明,土壤水分胁迫,导致叶片ABA含量增高,硝酸还原酶的含量降低,不同土壤含水量处理,ABA含量和硝酸还原酶的变化趋势基本一致,高产夏玉米生育期间植株叶片ABA含量维持在120～250μg/@FW,硝酸还原酶含量在5～40 μg/g@FW@h,土壤相对含水量80%左右为宜。     

祁连山区土壤砂粒含量剖面分布模式及其影响因素

祁连山区是西北黑河流域的水源,理解祁连山区土壤颗粒组成的剖面分布模式及其与环境要素之间的关系,有助于进一步定量理解土壤中水、肥、气、热的运移和开展颗粒组成/质地的三维制图。以2012—2013年获取的深度≥1 m的69个代表性土壤剖面为对象,分析了含量变异最大的砂粒的剖面分布模式及其与海拔、坡度、坡向、年均降水、平面曲率、剖面曲率、地形湿度指数、NDVI、土地利用、成土母质等环境变量之间的关系。结果表明:祁连山区砂粒含量的剖面分布模式可分为均一型、递增型、递减型、先增后减型、先减后增型和不规则型六类,但其很难用单一的环境变量来定量预测,其根源在于祁连山区成土母质复杂多样,加上复杂的地貌地形、土地利用等导致母质易发生运移而产生不连续性;对应复杂山区的土壤颗粒剖面分布模式的定量预测,还需从复合环境变量的角度进行深入的探索研究。     

土壤容重对玉米光合特性的影响及调控研究

以耕地棕壤为试验材料,采用盆栽方法,研究不同土壤容重对玉米光合指标(光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度)及叶绿素(a、b)的影响,并进一步研究了施用不同有机肥量及模拟不同耕作深度对玉米光合指标的调控效果。结果表明:不同容重处理之间对玉米叶绿素含量的影响拔节期前差异不显著,拔节期后达极显著差异(p<0.01),叶绿素含量在研究的生育期内始终增长。光合速率与容重、胞间二氧化碳浓度呈负相关,与气孔导度呈正相关。高容重土壤有机质调节至40～50 g kg-1即可以获得比较理想的效果;低容重的土壤有机质在研究含量范围内效果始终显著增长,有机质含量在15 g kg-1左右制约玉米生长,有机质含量应至少调节至3%以上。耕层厚度增加能提高所测定生理指标,但耕层厚度处理对叶绿素、光合指标影响不显著,当耕层厚度调节至30～40 cm时,各项指标增加基本达到限值,再增加耕层厚度作用不再明显。     

Research on a dynamic tracking model for reservoir water flooding of separated zone water injection

Waterflood is one of the main oil reservoir development ways. Premature flooding of production wells during water flooding process will reduce oil recovery. Therefore,it is particularly important to establish a dynamic tracking model for reservoir water flooding of separated zone water injection. Based on the basic principles of heat and mass transfer,according to well temperature curve to determine the water profile,Poisson process analysis and stochastic process methods are adopted to calculate water saturation,water breakthrough time and water cut of each layer in water flooded reservoir at any one time. When oil reservoir gradually become water flooded,the calculated water cut of model considering micro-pore distribution of the reservoir tends to the measured water cut,and the calculation error is less than 5%. Case study shows that the layer of the higher injection rate,with high flow channel such as micro fracture,where there is the faster increase in water saturation,the shorter water breakthrough time and faster increase in water cut,and vice versa. Research result provides time guarantee to take measures for inhibiting or delaying water breakthrough of production wells.