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11.
农田土壤重金属污染导致农作物重金属含量超标,这些重金属随食物链进入人体内,对人体健康造成危害。了解农田土壤重金属污染现状、重金属污染对农作物的危害,以及污染农田的治理修复,对维护人体健康具有重要意义。本文综述了我国农田土壤重金属污染现状,分析了农田土壤重金属污染可能对农作物造成的影响,概括了目前农田土壤重金属污染的主要治理方式,并分析了这些治理方式的差异性和优缺点,对未来农田土壤重金属污染治理的方向作出了展望。为该领域初学者了解该领域研究方向、发展趋势和研究热点提供了指导,也为我国农田土壤重金属污染治理的进一步研究提供参考。 相似文献
12.
烤烟是我国重要的经济作物,但栽培过程中存在连作障碍。烟田连作导致病害增加,影响烟叶和轮间作作物的品质,进一步影响农田产出,另一方面,连作障碍导致烤烟种植土地匮乏。生产实践发现通过与其他作物轮间作可以改善烤烟连作障碍。本文从作物-土壤-微生物组成的根际微生态系统的视角,综述了烤烟与不同作物轮间作的现状以及轮间作后的土壤生物学性状变化,分析了不同轮间作模式下土壤理化性质和根际微生物群落的变化,特别是烤烟产量和烟叶内在品质的变化,对于烤烟与作物的轮间作机制进行了总结和展望,为烤烟轮间作种植模式提供了科学依据。 相似文献
13.
Greater adoption and refinement of low-external-input (LEI) farming systems have been proposed as ways to ameliorate economic, environmental and health problems associated with conventional farming systems. Organic soil amendments and crop diversification are basic components of LEI systems. Weed scientists can improve the use of these practices for weed management by improving knowledge of four relevant ecological mechanisms. First, multispecies crop rotations, intercrops and cover crops may reduce opportunities for weed growth and regeneration through resource competition and niche disruption. Secondly, weed species appear to be more susceptible to phytotoxic effects of crop residues and other organic soil amendments than crop species, possibly because of differences in seed mass. Thirdly, delayed patterns of N availability in LEI systems may favour large-seeded crops over small-seeded weeds. Finally, additions of organic materials can change the incidence and severity of soil-borne diseases affecting weeds and crops. Our research on LEI sweetcorn and potato production systems in central and northern Maine (USA) suggests that these mechanisms can reduce weed density and growth while maintaining crop yields. Low-external-input farming systems will advance most quickly through the application of interdisciplinary research focused on these and other ecological mechanisms. 相似文献
14.
Hiromitsu Furuya Tsutomu Matsumoto Shin-ichi Fuji Hideki Naito 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2003,69(2):115-119
Rice seedling growth, estimated by plant height and root development and discoloration, was better in pasteurized soil than
in unpasteurized soil obtained from a flooded rice field. Rice seedlings also grew better in sterilized soil modified by adding
roots harvested from the pasteurized soil than in soil modified by adding roots harvested from the unpasteurized soil. The
results demonstrate that seedling growth in the rice field soil was inhibited by soil microorganisms, even though no typical
symptoms such as seedling blight or damping-off appeared. Pythium aristosporum is suggested to be involved in the inhibition. Thus, it appears that inconspicuous restraint of rice seedling growth could
occur in soils of rice paddy fields.
Received: May 20, 2002 / Accepted: October 16, 2002
Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. T. Ichitani, former professor at Osaka Prefectural University, for providing an isolate of Pythium aristosporum for comparison, and Mr. Mitsuaki Sato of Akita Prefectural College of Agriculture for technical assistance. 相似文献
15.
Shaili Srivastava 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(7):1904-1911
Aspergillus niger isolated from soil of leather tanning effluent had higher activity to remove chromium then the other fungal isolates. The potency of A. niger was evaluated in shake flask culture by absorption of chromium at pH 6, temperature 30 °C. The toxicity of chromium evaluated in petriplates and soil microcosm seed bioassay test had indicated increase in toxicity with the higher concentration of chromate. A. niger introduced in soil microcosm (40% moisture content) with different concentration of chromate (250, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm) removed more than 70% chromium in soil contaminated by 250 and 500 ppm of chromate. However, chromium-contaminated soil (2000 ppm of potassium chromate) mixed with compost (5% and 10%) significantly removed chromium in presence of fungus, A. niger. The results of chromate toxicity in the wheat plants revealed that the peroxidases was induced due to increase of metal stress which was reversed in soil microcosm amended with compost. 相似文献
16.
Summary Studies of the effects of different forms of N on urease production in soils amended with organic C showed that although microbial activity, as measured by CO2 production, was stimulated by the addition of NH4
+ or NO3
- to C-amended soils (200 mol glucose-C g–1 soil), urease production was repressed by these forms of N. The addition of L-methionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of inorganic N assimilation by microorganisms, relieved the NH4
+ and NO3
- repression of urease production in C-amended soil. The addition of sodium chlorate, an inhibitor of NO3
- reduction to NH4
+ by microorganisms, relieved the NO3
- repression of urease production, but did not eliminate the repression associated with NH4
+. These observations indicate that microbial production of urease in C-amended soils is not directly repressed by NH4
+ or NO3
-, but by products formed by microbial assimilation of these forms of N. This conclusion is supported by our finding that the biologically active L-isomers of alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, and glutamine, repressed urease production in C-amended soil, whereas the D-isomers of these amino acids had little or no influence on urease production. This work suggests that urease synthesis by soil microorganisms is controlled by the global N regulon. 相似文献
17.
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19.
夏玉米田作物蒸腾与棵间土壤蒸发模拟计算方法研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
本文依据能量平衡原理和质量守恒定律,提出了作物蒸腾与棵间土壤蒸发的估算模式,并对参数的估算做了详细的分析和讨论。最后利用试验区实测资料,通过田间水热耦合运移的数值模拟,对夏玉米田作物蒸腾棵间土壤蒸发模型及其模拟计算方法进行了验证,结果表明,本文提出的模型和模拟计算方法是有效而实用的。 相似文献
20.