氮缓释复合肥对坝上地区青贮玉米产量及氮素利用率的影响

通过完全随机区组设计,研究施肥种类(180 kg·hm^-2速效氮、150和180 kg·hm^-2缓释氮)、施肥时期(1次施入和2次施入)和氮缓释比例(20%,30%和40%)对不同生长期青贮玉米(Zea mays L.)产量及其构成因素和氮素利用率的影响,以期为青贮玉米高产的氮肥管理模式提供科学依据。结果表明:施氮可以显著提高拔节与成熟期青贮玉米的株高和茎粗,以缓释氮复合肥施入量150 kg·hm^-2,缓释成分为20%(ⅠC)的处理最好;速效氮和缓释氮对青贮玉米茎叶比的影响差异不显著。对青贮玉米产量的影响,以缓释比例30%的复合肥(150 kg·hm^-2,ⅠB)产量最高,鲜草产量达到10.468×10⁴ kg·hm^-2,干草产量为2.4487×10⁴ kg·hm^-2。ⅠB处理与同缓释比例施入180 kg·hm^-2的处理相比,干重增产显著,鲜重产量无显著差异。缓释氮处理的氮表观利用率和氮素生理利用率高于速效肥;速效氮分次施入比一次施入的氮农学利用效率和氮素利用率高;总之,适度的氮缓释复合肥可有效地提高青贮玉米产量并提高其氮素利用效率。     

玉米一次性分层缓释施肥技术试验研究

为了提高肥料利用率,改进和提高全肥一次性施肥技术,研究玉米应用缓释肥一次性分层基施,在整个生育期不追肥,对玉米生长发育、产量及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,由于利用硫包衣尿素的缓释作用和采用一次性分层基施,满足了玉米整个生育期对养分的需要,植株长势良好,比常规分期施肥增产12.1%。此方法打破了常规分期施肥的传统模式,减少因表施造成的肥料挥发损失,肥料利用率超过70%,增加了产量,减少了生产环节,达到“省工省时省费用”的目的,可增加纯经济效益约1600元/hm2。     

Alternative strategies for nitrogen fertilization of overwinter processing spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in Southern Italy

To identify the best practice for nitrogen (N) fertilization of overwinter processing spinach, two field experiments were carried out in the Foggia plain (Southern Italy), one of the most vocated area for leafy vegetables production. The field trials were aimed to define and suggest the proper fertilizer dose, typology and the right time of application. Experiment 1 evaluated four N fertilizer doses (0, 150, 225, 300 kg ha⁻¹) in a two-year field trial. Experiment 2 was aimed to assess the effect of the split distribution of prilled urea fertilizer in comparison with the application of nitrification inhibitor (DMPP) containing urea fertilizer, broadcasted at sowing.Spinach yield, yield quality (nitrate – NO₃⁻ – and carotenoids content), N-use efficiency and risk of soil nitrate (NO₃⁻-N) leaching were evaluated. The processing spinach yielded 37.8 and 3.6 t ha⁻¹ of fresh and dry yield, respectively (average of the two experiments). Fresh and dry yield among the fertilizing treatments were similar. Also the β-carotene and the lutein content of spinach leaves (19.5 and 38.1 mg kg⁻¹, respectively) were not affected by the N fertilizer dose. Conversely, the N dose strongly influenced the NO₃⁻ content of the leafy vegetable tissues (1286 mg kg⁻¹ on average, 58% lower than the limits imposed by the EC regulation). As expected, the different rainfall pattern influenced both the leaf NO₃⁻ content and the risk of soil NO₃⁻-N leaching. The results achieved demonstrated that, in order to get a favorable trade-off, among yield, yield quality, N-use efficiency and environmental impact, the processing spinach growers of the Foggia plain area should be encouraged to apply 225 kg N ha⁻¹ as maximum fertilization rate. Also, the split urea fertilizer application appeared as the more effective strategy for N fertilization of overwinter spinach in comparison with the use of the nitrification inhibitor containing urea fertilizer, being the last strategy not able to adequately match the N crop demand.     

全膜双垄沟集水条件下糯玉米氮肥高效运筹技术

以郑黄糯2号为材料,进行玉米追氮量、施用比例及缓释肥料施肥效果的研究。结果表明:在磷肥施用量相等的情况下,播前基施氮肥180 kghm2的处理产量最高,较基施氮肥90kghm2增产310%,与基施氮肥270 kghm2和225 kghm2的处理差异不显著,与其他处理之间差异极显著;分次施氮试验中以施氮量180 kghm2,基施、拔节期追施、大喇叭口期追施比例为8∶4∶0的处理为最佳,产量、氮肥效益为最高;缓释N肥肥效试验中,各个处理间在植株性状方面均比对照有不同程度的增长,在产量及经济效益上,总施氮量180 kghm2各种缓释氮肥的应用效果经济效益最高。      

缓释肥类型及其运筹方式对弱筋小麦产量及品质的影响

为探究缓释肥类型及施用模式对小麦产量和品质的调控作用及机制,以弱筋小麦扬麦33为供试材料,选取3种类型（8种品牌）的缓释肥\[包膜型缓释肥（S1~S5）、合成型微溶性缓释肥（S6）、化学抑制剂型缓释肥（S7、S8）\]作为供试氮源,设置缓释肥一次性基施（M1）和基施60%+返青期追施40%（M2）两种施肥模式,常规尿素施肥（基肥∶壮蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥为5∶1∶2∶2）为对照（CK）,分析了相同施氮水平下缓释肥类型及其运筹方式对小麦产量、氮素积累转运、氮效率、品质和效益的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,同一品牌缓释肥在不同施肥模式下小麦产量、开花期和成熟期氮素积累、籽粒氮素积累、花前氮素转运量及转运效率、花后氮素积累及其对籽粒的贡献率和氮利用效率均表现为M2>CK>M1。其中,M2模式下小麦显著增产的缓释肥依次为S6>S1>S2>S3>S8。M1模式下各处理小麦籽粒品质指标均符合弱筋小麦国家标准;M2模式下除S2、S6外,其余缓释肥的小麦籽粒品质指标均符合弱筋品质要求。除M2S5外,其余处理产值及净效益均表现为M2>CK>M1。综合认为,本试验条件下,S1（硫包膜型）、S3（树脂包膜型）、S8（抑制型）缓释肥基施60%+返青期追施40%可实现弱筋小麦产量、品质、氮效率和经济效益的协同提升。     

专用缓释肥的土壤氨挥发特性及其对辣椒氮磷钾吸收利用的影响

采用室内扩散模拟试验研究了施用大颗粒尿素(PUR)、辣椒专用复混肥(LCCF)、辣椒专用缓释复混肥(LSRF)土壤的氨挥发特性,并采用土培试验研究了LSRF、LCCF、普通复合肥(OCCF)、市场非包膜缓释复合肥(MSRF)对‘渝椒五号’和‘改良早丰’辣椒产量、氮磷钾养分吸收利用、土壤有机质及酶活性的影响,探讨LSRF的应用效果。结果显示,室内扩散模拟试验中,前28 d氨释放速率总体表现为PURLCCFLSRF不施肥(CK),28 d以后LSRF的氨释放速率略高于PUR和LCCF处理。培养70 d时,PUR、LSRF和LCCF的氨挥发量分别为71.87 mg·kg-1、54.29 mg·kg-1和63.49 mg·kg-1,LSRF比PUR和LCCF分别降低了24.5%和11.7%。土培试验中,LSRF处理显著提高了2个辣椒品种的果实重量,‘渝椒五号’和‘改良早丰’分别较OCCF处理增产64.7%和33.8%。与OCCF处理相比较,LSRF处理增加了土壤有机质含量、土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,提高了辣椒对氮磷钾养分的吸收利用。‘渝椒五号’和‘改良早丰’LSRF处理的氮素表观利用率较OCCF处理分别增加62.5%和123.1%,‘改良早丰’和‘渝椒五号’LSRF处理的磷素表观利用率分别较OCCF处理提高了14.0倍和3.2倍,钾素表观利用率分别较OCCF处理提高了28.7%和120.9%。     

Assessment of slow release fertilizers and nitrification inhibitors in flooded rice

This work evaluates the effect of different slow-release fertilizers and nitrification inhibitors (NI) on N-use efficiency, grain yield and N₂ fixation in rice fields of Valencia (Spain) during three consecutive crop seasons (1998–2000). Eight N sources [ammonium sulphate, urea, polymer-coated urea (PCU 32% and 40% N), sulphur coated urea, isobutylidene diurea (IBDU), ammonium sulphate nitrate (ASN) plus dicyandiamide and ASN plus dimethyl pyrazole phosphate, were applied at 120 kg N ha^–1 and at 2 or 15 days before flooding (DBF) during 1998. Another experiment was based on the use of urea blended with PCU (40% N) at four ratios (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3) and applied at 15 DBF and at four rates (70, 95, 120 and 145 kg N ha-1) during 1999 and at only one rate (120 kg N ha^–1) during 2000. Both experiments also included a control (no N). The results showed that, when applied shortly before flooding, PCU (32% and 40% N) and IBDU application improved biological N₂ fixation compared to the conventional fertilizer application, with or without NI, reaching similar values to those observed in the absence of N fertilizer. Slow release fertilizers, particularly PCU 40% N applied basally before flooding, were the best N source for grain yield and improved recovery efficiency. Differences among N sources were only significant when the flooding was delayed for 15 days after fertilizer application.     

缓释复合肥料对土壤和黑麦草氮素营养的影响

采用恒温培养和盆栽生物试验研究了非包膜缓释复合肥料对土壤氮素养分(铵态氮、硝态氮、碱解氮、微生物量氮和固定态铵)和黑麦草氮素营养的效应。结果表明,在恒温培养条件下,各施肥处理土壤铵态氮含量随培养时间均表现为先升高后降低的趋势,且中后期缓释复合肥料处理(SRCF)高于普通复合肥料处理(CCF);缓释复合肥料SRCF1处理土壤硝态氮含量始终低于普通复合肥料CCF1处理,缓释复合肥料SRCF2处理土壤硝态氮含量在初期较高、中后期较低;SRCF各处理土壤碱解氮和微生物量氮含量变化均表现为增加-降低-增加-降低趋势,分别在培养第21d和105d时出现峰值;土壤固定态铵含量变化较小,但总体上以SRCF处理高于CCF处理。在等养分比例盆栽试验中,SRCF1-3处理黑麦草株高、生物量、干重和氮素养分吸收量均高于CCF1处理,SRCF有利于提高黑麦草产量、氮素吸收和利用率;黑麦草氮素吸收量与培养土壤铵态氮、微生物量氮含量呈负相关,而与硝态氮和固定态铵含量呈正相关。     

烤烟缓释肥料对烟株根系和光合特性的影响

试验研究了烟草缓释肥料对烟株根系活力、叶片光合特性、烟株干物质积累以及产量和产值的影响.结果表明,施用烟草缓释肥料可显著提高烟株根系活力、叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率以及烟株干物质的积累,降低胞间CO2浓度,其中以每株施用45.45 g 烟草缓释肥料的效果最好,其次为每株施用38.63 g烟草缓释肥料.施用烟草缓释肥料能提高烟叶的产量和产值,减少烟草缓释肥料用量的处理虽然降低了烟叶产量,但因改善烟叶品质而提高其产值,缓释肥料对烟叶产值的影响以每株施用38.63 g烟草缓释肥料处理效果最好.     

缓释处理茉莉酸类化合物对兴安落叶松叶内防御蛋白活性的诱导效果

外源茉莉酸类化合物能够诱导植物产生抗虫性,为了延长其作用时间,选取茉莉酸甲酯(MJA)和茉莉酮(ZJ),将2种化合物倒入缓释瓶中作为缓释处理,挂于2年生兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)苗木中下部;以用2种化合物直接喷施落叶松苗为对照。测定落叶松针叶内与抗虫相关的几种主要防御蛋白的活力。喷施及用缓释处理MJA和ZJ后,兴安落叶松针叶内防御蛋白活性都有显著地增加(P0.01),并且呈现先升高后降低的波动变化。缓释处理的MJA和ZJ对兴安落叶松针叶内防御蛋白诱导作用没有直接喷施处理反应迅速,表现为前期诱导效果低于喷施处理,但后期诱导效果好于喷施处理,且缓释处理诱导效果可以延长5~15 d。MJA诱导效果强于ZJ。说明外源茉莉酸类化合物对落叶松抗虫性的诱导作用,经过缓释处理可以得到延长。