氟离子、磷酸根和铬酸根在可变电荷土壤表面吸附过程中羟基释放动力学

用恒pH自动电位滴定装置研究了氟离子(F-)、磷酸根(H2PO4-)和铬酸根(CrO42-)在3种可变电荷土壤表面吸附过程中羟基(-OH)释放的动力学。研究结果表明,3种阴离子在可变电荷土壤表面吸附时-OH释放量的大小顺序为:F->>H2PO4->CrO42-,这与土壤对3种阴离子吸附量的大小顺序一致。pH对不同阴离子体系中-OH释放的影响不同,在F-体系中,pH5.0时-OH释放量最高,其次为pH6.0时,pH4.0时-OH释放量最小;CrO42-体系中-OH释放量随pH的增加而减小;pH对H2PO4-体系中-OH释放的影响较小。Elovich方程(Y=a kln(t))能够很好拟合2～60min之间的动力学数据,说明-OH释放的速率随时间增加而减小。比较速率常数k的大小可以发现,虽然F-体系中3种可变电荷土壤在前2min释放的-OH量有很大差异,但在2～60min内,-OH释放速率差别不大。在H2PO4-和CrO42-体系中,-OH释放速率的大小顺序是:昆明砖红壤>徐闻砖红壤>江西红壤,与土壤铁、铝氧化物含量一致。     

Overcoming Fe deficiency in guava (Psidium guajava L.) by co-situs application of controlled release fertilizers

Abstract

Among micronutrient deficiencies, Fe deficiency is the most difficult nutritional disorder to prevent in the fruits of trees growing on calcareous soils. In this study, a pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the potential of co-situs application of controlled release fertilizers (CRF) in alleviating Fe deficiency and improving the growth of fruit trees growing on calcareous soil (pH 9.3). Guava (Psidium guajava L.) seedlings were used as test plants because of their sensitivity to Fe deficiency. Treatments consisted of the following: (1) broadcast application of readily soluble Fe, Zn, Cu, B and Mn fertilizers (Control) or (2) co-situs application of CRF containing N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, B, Cu and Mn (Co-situs). For the Control treatment, CRF containing only N, P and K was used. Both treatments received the same amount of all nutrients. Plants were more chlorotic in young leaves under the Control treatment and the Fe content of young leaves was significantly (least significant difference [LSD_0.05]) higher under the Co-situs treatment. Dry matter production of shoots under the Co-situs treatment was 5.2-fold higher than under the Control treatment, and the total accumulations of macro and micronutrients were much higher under the Co-situs treatment than the Control treatment. Total accumulations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg were 5.0, 4.1, 9.6, 3.2 and 2.2-fold higher, respectively, under the Co-situs treatment compared with the Control treatment, and Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn accumulations were 3.2, 4.1, 6.0 and 3.7-fold higher, respectively. Iron deficiency in guava seedlings was successfully alleviated by the co-situs application of controlled fertilizer, proving the high potential of this method in alleviating Fe deficiency in fruit trees growing on calcareous soils.     

南淝河巢湖入湖区夏季底泥磷营养盐释放通量的估算

[目的]通过采集南淝河进入巢湖河口冲积区的原柱样底泥,实验室控温、动态模拟该区域底泥的磷释放情况,从而估算出夏季该区域底泥磷的释放通量。[方法]将新鲜泥样置于150 mm高的有机玻璃柱中,用不同浓度的磷酸二氢钾溶液作为上覆水,在不同的扰动速度使其循环,并用加热泵控制水箱温度。[结果]扰动对底泥中的磷释放影响较大,且符合动态条件下底泥中磷的释放量大于静态条件下释放量的规律;上覆水中的磷浓度对底泥磷的释放有很大的影响,存在一定的平衡关系。[结论]在夏季,南淝河巢湖入湖区磷释放量为1.07 t/km2。     

辽宁省春玉米施用缓释肥效果试验

实验结果表明,辽宁春玉米施用缓释肥,能促进玉米营养生长和生殖生长,抗倒伏能力强,有效改善玉米的成产因素,经济效益显著,增产效果明显。     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Ruminal and total tract phosphorus release from feedstuffs in cattle measured using the mobile nylon bag technique

Phosphorus (P) excretion in manure is a concern for dairy and beef producers. Excess P released into surface water runoff can lead to eutrophication and algal blooms in streams and lakes. One approach to reducing P excretion is to reduce dietary P. Data regarding P release from feedstuffs is limited and more precise formulations based on specific feed P release in the digestive tract may be one way to lower excreted P. In this experiment, the mobile nylon bag technique was used to determine the disappearance of P in corn silage, alfalfa hay, Coastal bermudagrass hay, and Tifton‐85 bermudagrass hay in steers after ruminal (24 h), ruminal + pepsin/HCl (rumen + PHCl), and ruminal + pepsin/HCl + intestinal (rumen + PHCl + I) incubation. Ruminal disappearance of P differed (p < 0.05) between feedstuffs and by site of incubation. Total tract (rumen + PHCl + I) P disappearance for corn silage, alfalfa hay, Coastal bermudagrass hay, and Tifton‐85 bermudagrass hay were 90.6%, 93.7%, 83.8% and 84.0% respectively. The range in P release (approximately 7%) indicates that considering P availability when balancing rations could have a measurable impact on subsequent P excretion from ruminants. More data concerning P availability as affected by other feed ingredients or plant species, maturity, and/or quality are needed to more accurately define P release from ruminant feeds.     

Post‐release mortality estimates of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) caught in pelagic longline fisheries based on satellite data and hooking location

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低分子量有机酸对土壤钾释放的动力学分析

[目的]充分利用土壤矿物态钾,提高土壤供钾能力。[方法]研究低分子量有机酸乙酸、乳酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、草酸对土壤钾释放的影响。[结果]土壤钾释放分为快速释放(0~100 h)和稳定释放(100 h后)2个阶段,其中快速释放阶段的钾释放速度快,单位释放量大,持续时间较短;稳定释放阶段的钾释放较慢,单位时间钾释放量较小,持续时间长。土壤钾释放动态曲线接近对数方程和幂函数方程,拟合效果较好,与抛物线方程拟合效果较差。[结论]有机酸活化土壤钾能力从大到小依次为草酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸、乙酸、乳酸。     

Effects of cryptic mortality and the hidden costs of using length limits in fishery management

Fishery collapses cause substantial economic and ecological harm, but common management actions often fail to prevent overfishing. Minimum length limits are perhaps the most common fishing regulation used in both commercial and recreational fisheries, but their conservation benefits can be influenced by discard mortality of fish caught and released below the legal length. We constructed a computer model to evaluate how discard mortality could influence the conservation utility of minimum length regulations. We evaluated policy performance across two disparate fish life‐history types: short‐lived high‐productivity (SLHP) and long‐lived low‐productivity (LLLP) species. For the life‐history types, fishing mortality rates and minimum length limits that we examined, length limits alone generally failed to achieve sustainability when discard mortality rate exceeded about 0.2 for SLHP species and 0.05 for LLLP species. At these levels of discard mortality, reductions in overall fishing mortality (e.g. lower fishing effort) were required to prevent recruitment overfishing if fishing mortality was high. Similarly, relatively low discard mortality rates (>0.05) rendered maximum yield unobtainable and caused a substantial shift in the shape of the yield response surfaces. An analysis of fishery efficiency showed that length limits caused the simulated fisheries to be much less efficient, potentially exposing the target species and ecosystem to increased negative effects of the fishing process. Our findings suggest that for overexploited fisheries with moderate‐to‐high discard mortality rates, reductions in fishing mortality will be required to meet management goals. Resource managers should carefully consider impacts of cryptic mortality sources (e.g. discard mortality) on fishery sustainability, especially in recreational fisheries where release rates are high and effort is increasing in many areas of the world.     

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不同施肥方法对双季稻区水稻产量及氮素流失的影响

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