Post‐release mortality estimates of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) caught in pelagic longline fisheries based on satellite data and hooking location

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Effects of cryptic mortality and the hidden costs of using length limits in fishery management

Fishery collapses cause substantial economic and ecological harm, but common management actions often fail to prevent overfishing. Minimum length limits are perhaps the most common fishing regulation used in both commercial and recreational fisheries, but their conservation benefits can be influenced by discard mortality of fish caught and released below the legal length. We constructed a computer model to evaluate how discard mortality could influence the conservation utility of minimum length regulations. We evaluated policy performance across two disparate fish life‐history types: short‐lived high‐productivity (SLHP) and long‐lived low‐productivity (LLLP) species. For the life‐history types, fishing mortality rates and minimum length limits that we examined, length limits alone generally failed to achieve sustainability when discard mortality rate exceeded about 0.2 for SLHP species and 0.05 for LLLP species. At these levels of discard mortality, reductions in overall fishing mortality (e.g. lower fishing effort) were required to prevent recruitment overfishing if fishing mortality was high. Similarly, relatively low discard mortality rates (>0.05) rendered maximum yield unobtainable and caused a substantial shift in the shape of the yield response surfaces. An analysis of fishery efficiency showed that length limits caused the simulated fisheries to be much less efficient, potentially exposing the target species and ecosystem to increased negative effects of the fishing process. Our findings suggest that for overexploited fisheries with moderate‐to‐high discard mortality rates, reductions in fishing mortality will be required to meet management goals. Resource managers should carefully consider impacts of cryptic mortality sources (e.g. discard mortality) on fishery sustainability, especially in recreational fisheries where release rates are high and effort is increasing in many areas of the world.     

多酶金缓释尿素对土壤氮素形态和含量及油菜产量的影响

采用盆栽试验和室内分析化验相结合的方法,研究了多酶金缓释尿素对油菜田土壤氮素及油菜植株全氮含量、氮肥利用率和土壤氮素依存率的影响。结果表明,多酶金缓释尿素在石灰性褐土中抑制尿素水解显著有效作用时间在油菜移栽后20 d以内,20 d以后多酶金缓释尿素处理的土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和无机氮分别为5.26,9.08,14.34 mg/kg,显著高于多酶金尿素和普尿;多酶金缓释尿素处理的土壤有机氮、全氮和植株全氮比多酶金尿素和普尿分别提高了13.55%,13.67%,9.85%和21.75%,21.82%,19.60%,且差异显著;多酶金缓释尿素处理的氮肥利用率最高,为45.19%,土壤氮素依存率和氮素损失最低,分别为40.13%和1.21 g/盆,而多酶金尿素处理的油菜产量比多酶金缓释尿素和普尿分别提高了5.38%,8.11%,这可能与肥料释放养分特点和油菜生长特性有关。     

CNG发动机运转参数对燃烧放热模型计算结果的影响

为了探讨压缩天然气(CNG)发动机运转参数对不同放热模型计算结果的影响,并确定各模型的适用范围,根据点燃式CNG发动机的缸内压力、曲轴转角等测试结果,采用3种放热率模型(Gatowski etal模型,Apparent heat release模型和R-W(Rassweiler-Withrow)模型)分别计算了燃烧放热率、已燃质量分数等参数,并进一步分析了发动机运转参数对不同放热模型计算结果的影响规律.研究结果表明,采用Apparent heat release模型和R-W模型计算所得到的燃烧放热率、已燃质量分数差异很小,二者可通用;点火提前角和过量空气系数对3种模型的计算结果差异影响很小;当节气门开度较小时,3种模型的计算结果差异很小;与其他两种模型相比,Gatowski et al模型的计算结果受发动机转速的影响更加明显;当节气门开度较小或者发动机转速高时,这3种模型可通用;当发动机转速较低时,与其他两种模型相比,采用Gatowski et al模型更加理想和精确.     

长安区不同性质土层CO2释放规律研究

通过对长安双竹村夏、秋季不同性质土层CO2释放量的测定,本文研究了不同性质土层CO2释放规律及其差异。资料表明,从当日早晨到次日早晨,不同性质土层土壤CO2释放量均呈现由低到高再到低的变化规律;土壤CO2释放量与土层性质有密切关系,马兰黄土土层CO2释放量最高,其次是黏性土,释放量最低的是含砾石中细砂土;土层CO2释放量变化与气温的变化呈现负相关。     

施用控释尿素对大豆吸氮量及产量的影响研究

试验研究施用控释尿素对大豆吸N量及其产量与品质的影响结果表明 ,控释尿素比普通尿素N肥利用效率提高 3 0 6 %～ 1 1 93% ,沙土中尿素N残留量增加 1 2 5 %～ 1 5 89% ,大豆产量提高 2 1 6 9%～ 4 9 2 2 % ,且改善大豆品质。     

基于压力试验方法的长输管道水击泄放量计算

介绍了氮气式水击泄压阀的工作原理以及基于泄压阀流量系数泄放能力的计算方法,分析了采用目前常用方法计算的泄放量远大于实际泄放量的原因,探讨了根据工艺管网压力试验方法的原理.采用流体密闭长输管道发生水击时进行水击保护泄放量的近似计算方法的结果优于目前常用方法的计算结果,可为正确选择泄压阀的规格与合理设计泄放罐提供依据,并在一定程度上保证对生产中发生的水击事故进行超前保护和有效控制设计目的的实现,避免设备、设施损坏.（表2,参5）     

镉在土壤中释放的动力学特征研究

采用间歇法研究了镉在不同土壤中释放的动力学特征。结果表明 ,酸性土壤镉释放速率大于石灰性土壤 ;随温度升高 ,石灰性土壤镉平均释放速率下降 ,而酸性土壤镉平均释放速率增加 ;不同温度下土壤镉释放速率 V与时间 t最优模型为 ln V=A+ Bt;不同土壤镉释放量 S与时间 t的较优模型为 ln S=A+ k/ t     

南淝河巢湖入湖区夏季底泥磷营养盐释放通量的估算

[目的]通过采集南淝河进入巢湖河口冲积区的原柱样底泥,实验室控温、动态模拟该区域底泥的磷释放情况,从而估算出夏季该区域底泥磷的释放通量。[方法]将新鲜泥样置于150 mm高的有机玻璃柱中,用不同浓度的磷酸二氢钾溶液作为上覆水,在不同的扰动速度使其循环,并用加热泵控制水箱温度。[结果]扰动对底泥中的磷释放影响较大,且符合动态条件下底泥中磷的释放量大于静态条件下释放量的规律;上覆水中的磷浓度对底泥磷的释放有很大的影响,存在一定的平衡关系。[结论]在夏季,南淝河巢湖入湖区磷释放量为1.07 t/km2。