Roles of emergence time and interspecific competition on the dominance and coexistence of Setaria faberi and Digitaria ciliaris in an orchard weed community in Japan

Setaria faberi and Digitaria ciliaris are summer annual grass weeds that constitute an orchard weed community in Japan. Species dominance in the weed community shifts from S. faberi to D. ciliaris with an emergence delay. The change in species dominance is assumed to be a clue to how weeds dominate or coexist in shaping the community. Population dynamics and seasonal variations in emergence and competitive ability were studied from this viewpoint. Field monitoring and pot experiments exhibited that the emergence period of the two species overlapped extensively from April to June. The emergence of S. faberi began 2 weeks earlier than that of D. ciliaris in April and declined in June as a result of the induction of secondary dormancy. The plant density of D. ciliaris was high during the whole period. The great mortality of the species was replenished with its great natality. The replacement series experiments revealed that S. faberi that had been planted in April was a better competitor than D. ciliaris, but it lost its competitive superiority in the June plantings, when D. ciliaris became a superior competitor to S. faberi. The level of seed output was greater for D. ciliaris, even when it was an inferior competitor. Therefore, the shift in species dominance appeared to be attributed to a change in competitive superiority between the two species. The early emergence of S. faberi and the high plant density of D. ciliaris might accelerate competitive exclusion. The two species coexist when they are equivalent in competitiveness.     

纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子产量因子与产量的通径分析

采用多因素裂区试验设计,通过大样本相关、通径和逐步回归分析后,结果表明,纳罗克非洲狗尾草Setaria sphacelata cv. Narok的6个种子产量因子对种子产量的直接贡献大小排序为：x4（单位长度小花数）>x6（千粒重）>x1（花序长）>x2（单位面积生殖枝数）>x3（单位长度小穗数）>x5（单位长度种子数）,说明提高单位长度小花数、千粒重和花序长是最有效提高纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子产量的途径,其次提高单位长度小穗数、单位长度小花数和单位面积生殖枝数。     

谷子3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶基因的克隆与结构分析

3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶基因(GAPDH)在谷子盐旱胁迫早期高频率表达,为研究该基因在胁迫反应及其他代谢中的详细功能,本研究利用RACE技术克隆了谷子的GAPDH基因.该基因cDNA全长1328 bp,包括1008bp的开放阅读框,共编码338个氨基酸,肽段的分子量为35911.03Da,极性氨基酸占29.12%.序列比较分析发现,谷子的GAPDH同玉米的同源序列表现了最高的相似性,同水稻和小麦同源序列的相似性次之,同双子叶植物的同源序列则相差较远.     

纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子产量构成因子分析

为了解纳罗克非洲狗尾草单株种子产量构成因子,探索提高种子产量的解决途径,试验选择7个纳罗克非洲狗尾草单株种子产量构成因子;另取4个单株穗子10等分,从基部依次编为1-10号,试验中脱落的种子为11号。单株种子产量构成因子相关性分析结果表明,纳罗克非洲狗尾草单株种子产量(W)与生殖枝数(X₃)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与分蘖数(X₂)呈显著正相关(P<0.05);多元逐步回归单株种子产量W=-16.59156+0.42479X₃-0.03082X₅+0.04923X₆。对穗子不同部位的种子分析结果表明,试验中脱落的种子11号质量最好,其次为7号种子。不同部位的种子产量以1、3、8号种子产量较高,而9、10号种子产量最低。提示,纳罗克非洲狗尾草穗子中部的种子产量较为稳定,产量也较高,而穗尾1/3部的产量最低,收种时应确定以穗子中部的种子成熟为最佳收种时机。     

穴播与条播对夏谷产量及相关性状的影响

研究了穴播和条播对不同株型谷子产量及相关性状的影响。结果表明,在不同试验地点穴播与条播相比籽粒产量水平相当或有所提高;穴播可以解决谷子单籽出苗顶土力弱的问题;通过研制穴播机可以实现谷子的精量播种,少间苗或不问苗。     

Initiation of Setaria as a model plant

Model organisms such as Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa) have proven essential for efficient scientific discovery and development of new methods. With the diversity of plant lineages, some important processes such as C₄ photosynthesis are not found in either Arabidopsis or rice, so new model species are needed. Due to their small diploid genomes, short life cycles, self-pollination, small adult statures and prolific seed production, domesticated foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and its wild ancestor, green foxtail (S. viridis), have recently been proposed as novel model species for functional genomics of the Panicoideae, especially for study of C₄ photosynthesis. This review outlines the development of these species as model organisms, and discusses current challenges and future potential of a Setaria model.     

甜秆多穗型超早熟谷子新种质的创新

 采用目标性状基因库育种法培育出甜秆多穗型超早熟谷子(Setaria italica Beauv)新种质超早熟1号，该品种具有以下突出特点：（1）超早熟，生育期间仅需有效积温1 550℃左右，在海拔1 600 m以上的河北省坝头地带正常成熟，突破谷子"育成种"栽培的禁区，将我国谷子种植界限大大北移；（2）多穗，该品种不但具有分蘖成穗特性，而且中下部节间可产生多个分枝穗，是少有的谷子多穗型新种质；（3）秸秆甜、含糖量高，其秸秆全糖、可溶性糖、还原糖含量分别高出同产地普通品种74.8%、200.5%、237.2%；（4）粗蛋白含量高，高于普通品种3.9%～30.4%；（5）粒色可变，在石家庄种植为红谷，在河北省坝上种植为黄谷；该品种还具有优质高产综合性状优良的特点。     

6种除草剂对谷子的安全性和杂草防效

为筛选对谷子安全的除草剂,采用室内生物测定法,使用嗪草酮、二氯异噁草酮、丙炔氟草胺、唑嘧磺草胺、砜吡草唑、特丁津6种除草剂,分别在谷子苗前和苗后2个时期用药。采用田间小区试验研究室内生物试验所筛选得到的特丁津的杂草防治效果和安全性。室内生物测定结果表明,6种除草剂苗前用药对谷子的鲜重抑制率均超过20%,并出现死苗;除草剂同剂量下苗后茎叶处理对谷子株高和鲜重的抑制程度均低于其土壤处理,其中嗪草酮、丙炔氟草胺和砜吡草唑对谷子的鲜重抑制率均超过20%;50%特丁津悬浮剂1500、1800 g/hm²对谷子的鲜重抑制率分别为0.76%、2.99%,对反枝苋的防效达98.42%、100%。田间小区试验表明,50%特丁津悬浮剂1500、1800 g/hm²对阔叶杂草的鲜重防效分别为93.46%、95.84%,较空白对照增产41.40%、41.82%。嗪草酮等6种除草剂苗前土壤处理对谷子的安全性低,特丁津有在谷田作为茎叶处理剂防除阔叶杂草的应用前景。     

谷子miR169家族及其靶基因的鉴定与功能分析

microRNA广泛参与植物中多个生长发育过程,miR169家族是最保守的miRNA家族之一。对谷子miR169（sit-miR169）家族进行生物信息学分析,包括染色体分布、系统进化、碱基保守性、二级结构和sit-miR169及其靶基因的表达。鉴定了15个sit-miR169,分布于7条染色体上。系统进化分析显示,sit-miR169家族前体sit-MIR169大致可以分为2簇,部分sit-MIR169成员与水稻osa-MIR169家族成员亲缘关系较近。sit-miR169的前体均可形成稳定的二级茎环结构,成熟体均产生于前体的5′端臂上,且成熟序列的碱基保守性很强。sit-miR169在花、叶和根中均有表达,具有明显组织表达特异性。sit-miR169的靶基因主要是NF-YA转录因子基因,此外还有L型凝集素类受体蛋白激酶、ω-6脂肪酸去饱和酶、转运蛋白Sec1a、SDG40蛋白、环指跨膜蛋白和核糖体大亚基假尿苷合酶SVR1基因等。miR169通过调控靶基因,尤其是NF-YA的表达量来影响植物的生长发育和对环境的应答。谷子NF-YA基因主要在根和穗中表达,表现出明显的组织表达特异性。此外,sit-miR169靶基因的表达受环境诱导,如干旱条件能进一步诱导Seita.9G521100基因在根中的表达。     

吉林狗尾草种群对烟嘧磺隆抗性水平和靶标抗性机理初探

为明确吉林省玉米田狗尾草Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.对烟嘧磺隆的抗药性水平和抗性分子机理,测定了两个抗药性狗尾草种群R1、R2和一个敏感种群S对烟嘧磺隆的抗药水平,并检测了不同种群间乙酰乳酸合成酶(acetolactate synthase,ALS)基因序列差异。结果显示:R1、R2种群抗药性指数分别为21.8和23.9。扩增狗尾草ALS基因序列发现,相较于敏感种群,R1种群在376位点由GAT突变为GAA,R2种群在376位点由GAT突变为GAG,两种突变均导致天冬氨酸替换为谷氨酸(Asp-376-Glu)。表明狗尾草R1和R2种群对烟嘧磺隆产生抗性是由于靶标ALS基因突变导致,研究结果为科学防控抗药性狗尾草种群提供了理论基础。