Mitochondrial DNA variation in foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) wascharacterized by RFLPs in 94 strains offoxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.)P. Beauv. Three RFLP patterns wereobserved by using rice atp6 as aprobe, and were designated as types I-III. Difference between types I and II seems tobe attributed to recombination between twoatp6 genes. In East and SoutheastAsia and Afghanistan, both of types I andII were found, while type I was predominantin India, Central Asia and Europe. InChina, type III was also found. Chinesestrains showed higher gene diversity thanthose from other regions. This resultcoincided the previous studies on isozymesand nuclear RFLPs.     

狗尾草水提取物对6种植物的化感作用

采用室内培养皿法测试了狗尾草地上部分水浸提液对小麦、高梁、绿豆、黄瓜、萝卜等农作物和牛筋草（杂草）的化感作用。结果表明：狗尾草水浸提液对植物种子萌发和幼苗生长具有较高的化感抑制作用;当水浸提液的质量浓度为0．0250g／mL时,除绿豆外,小麦、黄瓜、萝卜和高粱等农作物的种子萌发均受到显著或极显著的抑制作用,其发芽率的彤值分别为-0．56、-0．17、-0．28、-0．27;在0．0500g／mL浸提液处理下,除黄瓜苗高、苗鲜重、根鲜重、绿豆根鲜重外,5种农作物根和苗的生长受到极显著的抑制,小麦、绿豆、黄瓜、萝卜、高粱根长的脚值分别为-0．75、-0．60、-0．61、～1．00、-0．61;当浸提液浓度为0．030g／mL时,牛筋草种子不能萌发,而小麦、绿豆的叶绿素含量和可溶性糖含量则从生理生化水平反映出不同程度的化感效应。综合研究结果可知,狗尾草显示出极强的化感作用,为进一步分离、鉴定和开发环境友好型除草剂提供了理论依据和支持。     

Effects of a nitrification inhibitor on efficiency of nitrogen utilization by wheat and millet

Abstract

Preliminary soil incubation studies established that the nitrification inhibitor, Dicyandiamide (DCD), could maintain the ratio of NH.‐N to NO₃‐N at predetermined levels. When one part DCD was mixed with 10 parts of the ammonium fertilizer prior to incorporation with the soil, nitrification was inhibited for at least six weeks. In a greenhouse experiment, wheat was grown to maturity and millet to the flowering stage in pots containing nitrate and ammonium fertilizers treated with DCD. Soil analyses during the plant growth period indicated that ammonium oxidation in soil was effectively inhibited. Plants of both species exposed to ammonium only with DCD produced lower yields than those exposed to a mixture of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen with DCD. Plants supplied with nitrate‐only gave somewhat lower yields than the mixtures. The nitrate‐only treatments resulted in the lowest accumulation of reduced nitrogen compounds in shoots of both species. Magnesium uptake by millet and calcium and magnesium uptake by wheat were reduced as the proportion of ammonium in soil was increased.     

Genetics, Development, and Application of Cytoplasmic Herbicide Resistance in Foxtail Millet

The effect of cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene in millet plants was studied. The heterozygous populations and isogenic lines with homocaryotic alloplasmic genes were obtained by crossing and reciprocal crossing of cytoplasmic herbicide resistant plants with susceptive plants of foxtail millet. The characters of F1, F2, backcross and composite cross groups, and the growth and development of isogenic lines were compared. The cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene slowed the development of seedling, delayed heading, and shortened the milking stage in the foxtail millet plant. Yield capacity and main agronomic characters were all affected by the cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene in most of the backcross, composite cross, and F2 populations. However, there was stronger hybrid vigor in F1. The backcrosses, composite crosses, and F2 populations were widely separated and some of them had good characters similar to those of susceptive groups. The plant characters and development of foxtail millet were negatively affected by the cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene. The authors proposed a method of using hybrid vigor to obtain high yield and avoid the negative effects of herbicide resistance cytoplasm in plant growth. The expected results could be obtained by selecting individuals in separate populations of fast developed seedlings, well-developed roots, and with capacities of early heading and fast milking. Guided by the principal mentioned above, many high yield lines and hybrid crosses of foxtail millet with herbicide resistant cytoplasm were obtained.     

纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子的发育过程及其质量变化

以纳罗克非洲狗尾草不同发育阶段的颖果种子为研究对象,观测种子的发育过程及其质量变化,结果表明:开花后第10d,种子发育已完成;种子的千粒质量、生活力、发芽力和活力均随发育过程的推进和成熟度的增加呈上升趋势,并于开花16d后达到峰值或趋于稳定;开花后第16d采种,籽粒饱满,生活力强,萌发性好,活力水平高,是最佳收种时间。     

狗尾草U6启动子的克隆及功能鉴定

狗尾草是重要的模式植物,是研究C4光合作用的优秀模型,具有热带植物的典型特征。U6启动子主要用于构建RNAi和CRISPR表达载体,有启动干扰发夹结构的表达和基因编辑引导序列复合结构的表达的作用,该启动子具有特殊的启动位点G,能够保证转录后RNA结构的完整性。随着CRISPR 技术的发展,利用狗尾草进行基因编辑的研究日益增多和深入,目前还没有针对狗尾草U6启动子的克隆及功能鉴定。U6启动子具有种属特异性,在转基因技术中,使用转化物种本身或亲缘物种的U6启动子能取得更高的的启动效率,本研究克隆了狗尾草2个U6启动子基因,并构建不同序列长度的U6启动子序列驱动GUS基因的表达,GUS融合表达载体转化狗尾草胚性愈伤,瞬时表达验证表明,克隆出的2个狗尾草 U6启动子在狗尾草上具有很强的启动效率;并且将该载体转化狗尾草后,获得了能够稳定表达GUS基因的转基因植株;将该U6启动子用于构建狗尾草PDS基因CRISPR编辑载体,获得能够稳定表达的白化苗,说明克隆的狗尾草U6启动子能够很好的启动基因编辑载体的转录。     

二甲四氯胁迫对谷子幼苗叶片衰老特性和内源激素含量的影响

【目的】研究除草剂二甲四氯对谷子叶片衰老特性以及叶片内源激素含量的影响,探讨谷子幼苗对二甲四氯胁迫的生理反应,为谷子抗除草剂胁迫机制及除草剂的安全使用提供理论依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验方法,选用晋谷21号和张杂10号为试验材料,设置二甲四氯剂量分别为0.75、1.50、3.00和6.00 kg·hm^-2 4个水平。处理后5和15 d,测定谷子幼苗株高、叶面积、叶绿素含量、光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和内源激素含量的变化,并分析了二甲四氯处理下谷子叶片中内源激素含量与光合特性参数、抗氧化酶活性间的相关性。【结果】与对照相比,喷施不同剂量二甲四氯均抑制了谷子的株高和光合作用,谷子叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和电子传递速率(ETR)均出现不同程度降低;而非光化学猝灭(NPQ)的变化呈相反趋势...     

谷子条纹叶突变体A36-S的细胞学特性分析及基因定位

【目的】谷子是C4模式植物,其叶色突变体是研究C4光合途径的良好材料。通过研究谷子条纹叶突变体A36-S的细胞学特性并对突变基因进行定位,为克隆突变基因、解析谷子叶绿体合成及发育机理、进一步理解C4光合调控机制奠定基础。【方法】谷子条纹叶突变体A36-S是由育种创制的中间材料A36自然变异而来。对比A36-S及其正常表型等基因系A36-N的表型特征,调查二者的株高、叶宽、叶长、穗重、千粒重、结实率等农艺性状指标;测定A36-S和A36-N的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等光合指标,分析A36-S的光合特性;观察A36-S和对照品种豫谷1号的叶片半薄横截切片和超薄切片,分析A36-S叶片解剖结构特征,分别统计叶肉细胞和维管束鞘细胞中叶绿体的数量和面积,从而分析叶绿体合成及发育情况;构建A36-S×SSR41的F2分离群体,统计群体中正常表型单株与条纹叶单株的数量,进行遗传分析;分别构建F2分离群体正常单株与条纹叶单株的DNA混池,采用集团分离分析法(BSA法)进行突变基因的定位;筛选、开发多个SSR标记及In-Del标记,扫描F2群体中条纹叶单株,进行进一步基...     

磨盘山典型灌草根系抗拉力学特性及其影响因素研究

为研究西南典型红壤土石山区护坡植物根系固土力学机制,选取4种景观绿化护坡乡土植物（栽秧泡、星毛金锦香、狗尾草、灯芯草）根系开展单根抗拉实验,对比分析根系力学特性及其相关影响因素。结果表明：4种植物根系抗拉能力排序为栽秧泡>星毛金锦香>狗尾草>灯芯草,随根径的增大抗拉力增大,抗拉强度减小。随着根径的增大星毛金锦香、狗尾草、灯芯草根系木质素含量、木纤比逐渐增大,纤维素含量减小,栽秧泡变化相反。4种植物根系抗拉能力与纤维素、木质素含量显著相关;星毛金锦香、狗尾草、灯芯草根系抗拉力与纤维素含量显著负相关,与木质素含量、木纤比显著正相关,抗拉强度与纤维素含量显著正相关,与木质素、木纤比显著负相关;栽秧泡根系抗拉特性与化学成分的关系与之相反。根系应力-应变曲线初始阶段为线性关系弹性特征较好,当荷载继续增大表现塑性材料特征;根系最大延伸率随根径的增大而减小,最大的为栽秧泡。4种植物单根力学特性均符合水土保持植物要求。     

纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子休眠人工破除方法

纳罗克非洲狗尾草(Setaria sphacelata cv. Narok)是我国南方广大地区草业生产和生态环境建设的优良禾草之一。但其种子产量低, 休眠程度深, 严重限制了该牧草的推广利用。本研究采用机械处理、KNO3溶液浸种、H2SO4溶液腐蚀种壳、HCl溶液浸种4种方法破除纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子的休眠, 结果表明, 4种处理方法均可不同程度破除其休眠, 其中去除稃片后再刺破种皮、25% HCl溶液浸种4 min为本研究中处理效果较好的方法。前者种子的发芽势为32%, 发芽率为33%, 发芽指数为8.85, 活力指数为0.012 0;后者的分别为31%、35%、8.47和0.014 3, 均显著高于对照(P＜0.05), 但彼此之间无显著差异(P＞0.05)。