痕灌带地埋下水力特性

为了获得痕灌带在田间应用的设计参数及其水力性能,通过室内与室外试验相结合的方法,针对流量规格为900 mL/h的痕灌带在自由出流时的制造偏差系数、流量与压力关系及其地埋后的水力特性以及痕灌毛管的地埋极限铺设距离进行了计算与评估.试验结果表明,试验痕灌带制造偏差系数为0.04,制造精度较高,且痕量灌水器压力-流量关系符合微灌灌水器幂函数关系式;痕量灌水器在地埋条件下,流量对压力变化的敏感性要高于自由出流.痕灌带(900 mL/h)在地埋后其流量减小幅度不明显,与室内自由出流相比,在额定工作压力条件下(10 m),地埋后痕量灌水器平均流量减少3%~8%;此外,在满足系统流量偏差系数(q_v)不大于20%条件下,并结合田间土壤含水率空间变异性的研究验证,试验痕灌带(900 mL/h)在平坡铺设、砂壤土中的地埋铺设极限距离为150 m左右.     

微波辅助提取桔皮中天然抗氧化剂的研究

以桔皮为原料，乙醇为溶剂，在微波功率900W，提取温度75℃条件下，通过单因素试验探讨了乙醇体积分数、浸提时间、料液比对总黄酮提取率的影响，并通过正交试验对桔皮中黄酮类化合物提取工艺进行了研究。结果表明，用微波法从桔皮中提取总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为：乙醇体积分数75％，浸提时间7min，料液比l：30。用此工艺提取的总黄酮得率为12．04％。通过1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼（DPPH）法测定不同工艺条件下桔皮提取物的抗氧化性能，表明不同工艺的桔皮提取物均有一定的清除DPPH自由基的能力，其清除率与总黄酮的含量有一定的量效关系。     

人造板游离甲醛释放量测定的主要影响因素的研究

试验表明，人造板在存放过程中，板材的游离甲醛释放量逐渐下降并趋于稳定。在测定中的萃取时间、样品大小、甲苯的重复使用对测定结果都有一定的影响。     

Changes in tissue lipid levels in the freshwater catfishClarias batrachus associated with the reproductive cycle

The levels of free fatty acid (FFA), monoglyceride (MG), diglyceride (DG), triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (PL), free cholesterol (CF) and esterified cholesterol (CE) were measured in the liver, plasma, ovary, abdominal fat and muscle during different phases of the annual reproductive cycle in femaleClarias batrachus. During the preparatory phase, hepatic lipogenic activity predominated over mobilization and consumption. In the prespawning season, an increased hepatic lipogenic activity was maintained, but lipids were transferred from the liver to the ovary. In the spawning phase, the diminished food intake, and enhanced caloric demand for spawning behaviour and activity limited hepatic lipogenic activity, and TG lypolysis was increased as was the production of more FFA. Maximum accumulation of vitellogenin, as reflected by maximum rise in ovarian PL titre was characteristic of this phase. Marked reductions in ovarian lipid occurred during the postspawning phase. In the resting phase, there was a recovery of lipogenic activity, but PL synthesis was still inhibited. In contrast to other investigated teleosts, there were extremely high level of FFA in liver, plasma, ovary and muscle throughout the annual reproductive cycle inC. batrachus. FFA appears to be the main lipid metabolite which had a very high turnover. As evidenced by the high TG content, abdominal fat seems to be the main fat depot, not the liver and muscle.Correspondent author     

Effect of feeding on the tissue free amino acid concentrations in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)

This study investigates whether tissue free amino acid (FAA) pools in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), are altered following feeding and the relationships between the amount of food consumed and the FAA pool size. Trout were starved for 7 days to provide baseline data and then refed on day 8. Individual food intake was measured by radiography and the consumption of amino acids (AA) calculated from dietary protein consumption. Total FAA concentrations in the stomach, liver and white muscle were little changed at various times after the meal and this pattern was repeated for the majority of individual FAA. Overall, the most notable change was a reduction in essential FAA concentrations (principally in valine, leucine and isoleucine) in the white muscle following feeding. However, in the caeca total FAA, total essential FAA and a number of individual FAA were significantly elevated at 4, 9 and 15h following feeding. There were few significant correlations between dietary amino acid consumption and total tissue FAA and essential FAA concentration in the stomach, caecum and white muscle; correlations were stronger in the liver. In order to explain the relative constancy of total FAA concentrations in the tissues following food intake (which represents over 100% of the total FAA pool) a model is presented that quantifies the AA flux through the free pools and considers the role of protein turnover in regulating FAA pool size.     

Treatment of wheat straw using tannase and white-rot fungus to improve feed utilization by ruminants

Background

Current research to enrich cattle feed has primarily focused on treatment using white rot fungi, while there are scarce reports using the enzyme tannase, which is discussed only in reviews or in the form of a hypothesis. In this context, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of tannase on wheat straw (WS) and also the effect of lyophilized tannase at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% (w/w) on WS followed by fermentation with Ganoderma sp. for 10 d and compared in relation to biochemical parameters, crude protein (CP) content, and nutritional value by calculating the C/N ratio in order to improve the nutritional value of cattle feed.

Results

Penicillium charlesii, a tannase-producing microorganism, produced 61.4 IU/mL of tannase in 54 h when 2% (w/v) tannic acid (TA) was initially used as a substrate in medium containing (% w/v) sucrose (1.0), NaNO₃ (1.0), and MgSO₄ (0.08 pH, 5.0) in a 300-L fermentor (working volume 220 L), and concomitantly fed with 1.0% (w/v) TA after 24 h. The yield of partially purified and lyophilized tannase was 5.8 IU/mg. The tannin-free myco-straw at 0.1% (w/w) tannase showed 37.8% (w/w) lignin degradation with only a 20.4% (w/w) decrease in cellulose content and the in vitro feed digestibility was 32.2%. An increase in CP content (up to 1.28-fold) along with a lower C/N ratio of 25.0%, as compared to myco-straw, was obtained.

Conclusions

The use of tannin-free myco-straw has potential to improve the nutritional content of cattle feed. This biological treatment process was safe, eco-friendly, easy to perform, and was less expensive as compared to other treatment methods.     

Human Exposure to Rabid Free‐Ranging Cats: A Continuing Public Health Concern in Pennsylvania

Rabid free‐ranging cats have been a public health concern in Pennsylvania since raccoon variant rabies first was recognized in the state in the early 1980s. Over the last decade, between 1.5 and 2.5% of cats submitted to Pennsylvania's state laboratories for rabies testing have been positive. In this report, we describe the extent of rabies in free‐ranging cats in Pennsylvania. We also present two examples of human exposure to rabid free‐ranging cats that occurred in Pennsylvania during 2010–2011 and the public health actions taken to address rabies exposure in the humans and animals. We then describe the concerns surrounding the unvaccinated and free‐ranging cat population in Pennsylvania and possible options in managing this public and animal health problem.     

红曲不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性

为了研究红曲霉发酵产物提取物不同极性部位的体外抗氧化活性,分别用纯水、30%乙醇对红曲进行提取,采用有机溶剂萃取法将30%乙醇提取物分为石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相和2个水相等不同极性部位,考察其ABTS自由基、DPPH自由基和脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的清除效果,比较红曲提取物不同极性部位的抗氧化作用。结果表明,红曲的纯水、30%乙醇提取物及其不同极性部位均有抗氧化活性,且与剂量有关。不同极性部位的抗氧化活性有差异。相同浓度时,30%乙醇提取物的抗氧化性大于纯水提取物的抗氧化性,在浓度10 mg/m L时,石油醚萃取后的水相的抗脂质过氧化性最强,为57.18%,且与其他极性部位具有显著性差异(P0.05),乙酸乙酯相的DPPH自由基清除率最高,为20.66%,乙酸乙酯萃取后水相的ABTS自由基清除率最高,为86.16%,且与其他极性部位具有显著性差异(P0.05)。     

健康种苗技术在果蔗优质高产栽培中的应用

在果蔗栽培中使用脱毒健康种苗是发挥果蔗高产优质潜力的关键技术之一.脱毒健康种苗可采用种茎热水处理、茎尖培养的方法获得,但后者脱毒更彻底,生产效率更高.脱毒健康种苗在果蔗高产栽培中的应用技术包括：选地整地,合理密植,蔗种消毒处理,适时播种,加强苗期、分蘖期、伸长期的管理以及适时砍收与留种等.