Carotenoids from Marine Microalgae: A Valuable Natural Source for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases

Epidemiological studies have shown a relation between antioxidants and the prevention of several chronic diseases. Microalgae are a potential novel source of bioactive molecules, including a wide range of different carotenoids that can be used as nutraceuticals, food supplements and novel food products. The objective of this review is (i) to update the research that has been carried out on the most known carotenoids produced by marine microalgae, including reporting on their high potentialities to produce other less known important compounds; (ii) to compile the work that has been done in order to establish some relationship between carotenoids and oxidative protection and treatment; (iii) to summarize the association of oxidative stress and the various reactive species including free radicals with several human diseases; and (iv) to provide evidence of the potential of carotenoids from marine microalgae to be used as therapeutics to treat or prevent these oxidative stress-related diseases.     

辣椒籽可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸组成分析

以圆株1号、羊角椒、湘辣595、辣丰63、辣丰红、陈特辣、湘艳、皱皮椒等8个品种的辣椒籽为原料,分析其可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸的组成、含量及相关性,探讨其呈味氨基酸的含量及味道强度值。结果表明：8个品种辣椒籽中均以清蛋白含量(94.19~134.19 mg/g)最高,醇溶蛋白含量(0.46~5.91 mg/g)最低;辣椒籽中均检出24种游离氨基酸,总含量为12.22~27.51 mg/g,包括9种必需氨基酸(3.94~6.32 mg/g)、2种半必需氨基酸(1.13~2.71 mg/g)和13种非必需氨基酸(7.15~19.52 mg/g);天冬酰胺、天冬氨酸、谷氨酰胺、苏氨酸等的含量均维持在较高水平;对呈味氨基酸味道强度值进行分析,发现圆株1号、湘辣595、辣丰63、辣丰红、陈特辣和皱皮椒等辣椒籽的主要呈味氨基酸均为甜味氨基酸,而羊角椒和湘艳的呈味氨基酸则以鲜味氨基酸为主;游离氨基酸聚类分析表明,皱皮椒与陈特辣、湘艳聚为1类,辣丰红与湘艳595、辣丰63聚为1类,羊角椒与圆珠1号聚为1类;相关性分析表明,精氨酸与蛋氨酸,瓜氨酸分别与羟脯氨酸和缬氨酸,苏氨酸、丝氨酸和谷氨酰胺两两间,异亮氨酸、酪氨酸和亮氨酸两两间等9组氨基酸含量间均呈极显著正相关,有23组氨基酸含量间呈显著正相关,有3组氨基酸含量间呈显著负相关,大多数氨基酸含量间的相关系数绝对值大于0.3,表明各氨基酸间的相关性较强。     

Dynamics of plasma free amino acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss under variety of dietary conditions

Plasma amino acid profiles in the systemic circulation of rainbow trout acclimated to diets containing different protein sources, with and without supplementation with free amino acids, were monitored for up to 120 hours after consumption of the diets. Plasma concentrations of lysine, methionine, and isoleucine increased more rapidly after feeding a diet supplemented with these amino acids in free form and, depending upon the increase in plasma concentration, remained at concentrations above those in fish fed the basal diet for at least 24h after feeding. Dietary supplementation with isoleucine increased plasma concentrations of leucine and valine as well as of isoleucine. Maximum plasma concentrations for most amino acids were attained between 12 and 24h postprandial. Dietary inclusion of gelatin caused more rapid elevations in plasma glycine and serine than did free glycine. Feeding at three hour intervals resulted in stable plasma concentrations of individual amino acids in contrast to the fluctuations occurring when fish were fed once daily. Frequent feeding favoured a higher proportion of protein to lipid in body composition.     

Role of free neuromasts in larval feeding of willow shiner Gnathopogon elongatus caerulescens Teleostei, Cyprinidae

ABSTRACT:   It has been reported that the larvae of willow shiner Gnathopogon elongatus caerulescens have many free neuromasts on their body surface. This study examined the ability of the willow shiner larvae to feed on zooplankton by mechanoreception by the free neuromasts. Feeding experiments using untreated larvae and larvae treated with streptomycin, which impairs free neuromast function, were conducted under light and completely dark conditions. The larvae were put into Petri dishes, then nauplii of Artemia salina were introduced. The average number of Artemia eaten by the larvae was expressed as the average ingestion rate of Artemia /10 min. The ingestion rate of Artemia for untreated larvae was 12.3 under light conditions and 10.6 Artemia /10 min. even in complete darkness. The ingestion rate in the larvae treated with streptomycin was 11 under light conditions and only 0.8 Artemia /10 min under dark conditions. The low rate in the treated larvae under dark conditions must be due to impairment by the streptomycin. Therefore, the high ingestion rate for the untreated larvae under dark conditions would be surely dependent on mechanoreception. The results indicate that larval willow shiner is able to feed on zooplankton under limited light conditions.     

Etude de la nutrition potassique du sorgho III‐relations entee les teneurs en cations et la composition en acides organiques des feuilles

Abstract

Extracts that are coloured, owing to dissolved organic matter, give rise to an interference when boron is determined by the colorimetric Azomethine‐H method. A scheme is presented in which boron is removed from coloured extracts by dialysis. In this way the interference can be removed automatically. The suggested scheme allows hydroponic solutions and extracts of soils, peat‐based composts and plant materials to be analysed without further treatment at a rate of 20 hr^‐1. The limit of detection is 0.05ppm B in solution. Recoveries of boron added to extracts from all types of sample were excellent. The effects of some interferences were investigated and found not to be significant under normal working.     

植物叶面自由能特征和水滴形态对截留降水的影响

采用浸水法和喷水法测定21种植物叶片的最大持水量,初步探讨叶面润湿性、表面自由能及其极性和色散分量对叶片最大持水量的影响,并分析2种方法测定叶片持水量不同的可能原因。浸水法和喷水法测定的叶片最大持水量物种间有显著差异(P<0.001),叶片的最大持水量变化范围分别为29.4～180.0g/m2,94.1～278.3g/m2。浸水法测定的叶片最大持水量与表面自由能、色散分量分别呈正相关(P=0.002,P=0.000),与极性分量呈乘幂关系(P=0.006),与叶接触角呈指数关系(P=0.004)。喷水法测定的叶片最大持水量与表面自由能、极性分量、色散分量、叶接触角的相关关系均不显著(P>0.05)。这可能是由于喷水过程中,在叶片表面自由能的作用首先在叶面上形成了小液滴,随着喷水过程的进行,液滴在水的表面张力和重力的作用下逐渐聚集形成大的液滴。     

转红色荧光蛋白基因唐鱼与非转基因唐鱼肌肉营养成分的分析和比较

对含有外源基因的转红色荧光蛋白基因唐龟(简称:转基因唐鱼)和同胞家系中不含有外源基因唐鱼(简称:非转基因唐鱼)肌肉中的一般营养成分、游离氨基酸和脂肪酸的组成和含量进行分析和比较.结果表明:转基因唐鱼肌肉水分、粗蛋白含量粗灰分含量高于非转基因唐鱼,粗脂肪含量低于非转基因唐鱼,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);转基因唐鱼和非...     

蒙顶山名茶游离氨基酸总量及组分的测定分析

【目的】探讨蒙顶山名茶"鲜香"与"鲜味"特征的产生机制,提供蒙顶山名茶品质评价的理论依据。【方法】试验通过全量法和杯茶法制备茶汤试液,分别采用水合茚三酮比色法和L-8900型全自动氨基酸分析仪测定了4种蒙顶山名茶中的游离氨基酸总量和组分含量。【结果】4种蒙顶山名茶的游离氨基酸总量较高,分别为蒙顶黄芽(5.28±0.57)%,蒙顶石花(5.59±0.51)%,蒙顶甘露(4.65±0.82)%,蒙顶毛峰(5.34±0.96)%;在杯茶法1次冲泡5min条件下,蒙顶山名茶游离氨基酸的浸出率与浸出浓度亦较高,浸出率为55.24%～76.14%,浸出浓度为58.73～78.24mg/100mL;蒙顶山名茶游离氨基酸组分含量的特征为茶氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸和丝氨酸的含量在1 000mg/kg以上,色氨酸、半光氨酸、组氨酸和络氨酸组分含量为100～500mg/kg。【结论】蒙顶山名茶高氨基酸总量、丰富的组分含量及独特配比是其茶香"鲜香高长"、茶味"鲜浓爽口"的重要物质基础。     

不同产地棉籽粕营养成分、代谢能及氨基酸利用率的研究

棉籽粕(cottonseed meal, CSM)是棉籽榨油后产生的副产物,其粗蛋白质含量高,氨基酸种类丰富,是一种潜在的优质蛋白饲料原料。但棉籽粕因游离棉酚等抗营养因子的存在限制了其在畜禽生产中的应用。本文综述了棉籽粕的营养特点、棉籽粕脱毒的常用方法及脱毒棉籽粕在家禽中的应用情况,以期为棉籽粕在家禽生产上的合理应用提供参考。