土壤水分对谷子(粟)结实的影响及其生理效应

土壤水分对谷子结实的影响主要在结实阶段.土壤水分过少或过多,都能显著降低结实率、成粒数和产量.这一时期以保持土壤毛管持水量的70%左右对结实最为有利.供水不足,首先影响根系活性和体内水分状况,从而影响体内外气体交换,降低光合速率和呼吸强度,同时影响细胞膜透性,导致体内物质代谢过程改变,降低有机物质的积累,造成穗部营养贫乏,形成秕谷.土壤水分过多,通气不良,影响根系活性,降低伤流量,抑制体内代谢过程及物质运转,造成穗部营养不足,形成秕谷.     

Importance of hedgerows as habitat corridors for forest plants in agricultural landscapes

Hedgerows have been proposed as habitat and conservation corridor for forest plant species, but their importance for the survival of these species is still not clear. The objective of our study was to examine the frequency of occurrence of forest species and total forest species richness in different parts of the hedgerows, and to relate these patterns of occurrence to the species’ habitat requirements and life history traits. We surveyed in total 130 forest-hedgerow transects in North-western Germany, including three age classes.About 77% of all forest plant species (including some endangered taxa) occurring in the neighbouring forests were also found in the adjacent hedgerows. In all age classes, there was a negative relationship between distance from the forest-hedgerow ecotone and the number of species. Ancient hedgerows were not significantly more species-rich than more recent ones. Within 100 m distance from the forest edge, forest species richness increased with an increasing number of species in the nearby forest and with an increasing cover of the tree canopy as well as a decreasing cover of the shrub layer. Species with high frequency had comparatively high Ellenberg indicator values for light, and were mostly associated with anemochorous and epizoochorous seed dispersal.The frequency of occurrence in hedgerows of species with common attributes was partly in agreement, partly in disagreement with the results obtained in previous studies. We conclude that patterns are difficult to generalize, probably due to a strong regional variation in the pool of forest species and in the specific environments of both forests and hedgerows.     

种子大小对冬小麦苗势及其幼穗发育的影响

以中大粒品种郑引1号为试验材料,研究了不同粒重种子对幼苗长势及幼穗发育的影响.结果表明,大粒种子出苗迟,生长发育快,叶片分化持续时间短,幼苗长势壮;大粒种子的幼穗发育开始早,分化强度大,形成小穗数多.茎生叶分化总数不因粒重不同而发生变化.     

多球果型马尾松的形态和生殖生物学特征研究

本文对多球果型马尾松和常见型马尾松在生长状态、形态结构、生殖发育等方面的差异进行研究和分析.在多球果型马尾松雌性生殖枝上,能够着生40～80个球果(大孢子叶球),有的甚至可以达到193个以上.而在常见型马尾松的雌性生殖枝上, 通常只着生有1～8个球果,最常见的是着生2～4个球果.多球果型马尾松和常见型马尾松在雌球花的芽组织结构和雌球花的分化过程中有着明显的差异.通过显微分析我们发现:多球果型马尾松雌球花原基的发育在当年生过冬顶芽的下部,在它的上部,还发育有一系列的营养芽原基(10列以上).而常见型马尾松雌球花原基的发育在当年生过冬顶芽的顶端.雌球花发育机理的不同,决定了多球果型马尾松球果的着生部位发生了变异.多球果型马尾松球果着生在春梢的下(基)部,常见型马尾松球果着生在春梢的顶部.多球果型马尾松与常见型马尾松球果(大孢子叶球)的发育过程和发育起始时间不相同.通过对8～12月标本进行显微切片分析,多球果型马尾松球果的发育起始时间在当年的8月(过冬顶芽开始形成的同时),与小孢子叶球的发育起始时间同步.常见型马尾松球果的发育起始时间是当年的11月,两种类型马尾松的大孢子叶球都是在次年4月受粉,到第三年的11月种子成熟.多球果型马尾松球果比常见型马尾松球果多3个月的发育时间.多球果型马尾松个体大量的长串状多球果性状在历年都能重复出现,这说明该性状具有个体水平的稳定性.无性繁殖研究证明,多球果型马尾松的长串状多球果性状,可以通过嫩枝嫁接的方式,进行性状的传递.对多球果型马尾松进行有性繁殖研究时我们发现,多球果型马尾松的球果可以发育出种子,且成熟种子的发芽率为60%～76%.这说明多球果型马尾松与常见型马尾松一样,可以用种子进行后代繁殖.多球果型马尾松与常见型马尾松在形态和生长速率方面没有明显差异.     

抗旱剂拌种处理对小麦萌发和幼苗生长的影响

干旱胁迫下用抗旱剂Ⅰ号拌种处理小麦种子可以提高小麦出苗率，促进根系发育，增加根冠比。处理后，幼苗的生理生化指标均高于对照，可使幼勒在较低水势下保持正常生长。     

高温胁迫对番茄种子萌发的影响

当温度高于 2 5℃时 ,随温度上升 ,番茄种子活力下降 ;33℃时 ,种子的萌发在前 6d受到抑制 ,7d后萌发率上升 ;在35℃时 ,种子萌发几乎完全被抑制。在 30℃萌发的种子中 SOD和 POD活性较高 ,33℃萌发种子中的蛋白质含量较 2 5℃和30℃处理的高     

利用SNP高密度遗传连锁图谱定位甘蓝型油菜种子硫苷含量的QTL

种子硫苷在甘蓝型油菜中有着重要的生物学作用和经济价值。本文旨在通过复合区间作图法利用高密度SNP遗传连锁图谱定位种子硫苷的QTL。用近红外扫描获得种子硫苷含量,每株系扫描3次,取平均值。所用的高密度SNP遗传图谱包含2795个SNP多态性标记位点,图谱总长1832.9 cM,相邻标记间平均距离为0.66 cM。定位了2年的种子硫苷含量QTL,其中有5个在2年内被重复检测到,分别分布在A03、A09和C02染色体上,LOD阈值在2.90~10.40之间。这些QTL在2011和2012年试验中分别解释了56.9%和55.1%的表型变异。另外有5个QTL仅在其中一年被检测到,这些QTL能够解释4.1%~7.9%的表型变异,QTL阈值在2.53~3.83之间。     

Italian ryegrass establishment by self-seeding in integrated crop-livestock systems: Effects of grazing management and crop rotation strategies

We evaluated the re-establishment of an Italian ryegrass pasture by self-seeding on a no-till integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) in the southern region of Brazil. This work is part of a long-term experimental protocol initiated in 2003. We tested the effects of various management practices, such as summer crop systems (soybean vs. maize–soybean rotation), stocking methods (continuous vs. rotational) and grazing intensities (low vs. moderate), on Italian ryegrass pasture establishment. In addition, we tested resilience of the system by testing pasture's ability to re-establish following a year without seed head production. The experiment consisted in the rotation, on the same area, of Italian ryegrass pasture grazed by sheep during the winter and up to the end of the grass production cycle, and soybean or soybean-maize grain crops rotation cultivated during the summer. The pasture established itself by self-seeding since 2005. Data were collected in 2011 and 2012 stocking season. The soybean summer crop, continuous stocking and low grazing intensity, all positively affected the production of reproductive tillers in 2011. Grazing intensity in 2011 strongly influenced early vegetative tiller densities (before crop harvest) in 2012. However, none of the grazing intensity or the stocking method treatments affected herbage mass at the end of pasture establishment in 2011 or 2012. On the other hand, the soybean summer crop positively affected pasture establishment, both in term of tiller densities and herbage mass at the end of pasture establishment. The removal of all seed heads in 2011 (preventing seed production) resulted in the total failure of pasture establishment in 2012. Overall, Italian ryegrass establishment by self-seeding relies on the annual replacement of the soil seed bank. This experiment demonstrated that under various stocking methods, moderate grazing intensity and maize or soybean summer crop, Italian ryegrass pasture establishment by self-seeding remains successful even when the stocking periods extended up to the end of the grass production cycle. Self-seeding with moderate grazing intensity ensures successful pasture establishment, reduces labour and costs and allows to increase the stocking period and so animal live weight gain over the grazing season.     

辣椒植株水浸液对辣椒和番茄种子萌发的自毒作用

采用室内生物测定的方法,研究了辣椒全株、根、茎、叶水浸液的化感效应.结果表明,辣椒全株、根、茎、叶水浸液对辣椒和番茄种子萌发的影响依供体部位、水浸液浓度和受体不同而有差异,辣椒植株水浸液对辣椒和番茄种子发芽存在自毒作用.辣椒植株全株、根、茎、叶水浸提液对辣椒和番茄种子发芽表现为抑制作用,并随着浓度的增大,抑制作用增强,这表明辣椒植株水浸液对辣椒和番茄种子发芽有较强的自毒作用.综合而言,辣椒全株、根、茎、叶水浸液对辣椒的自毒作用强弱依次为叶>根>茎>全株,对番茄的自毒作用强弱依次为叶>全株>根>茎.显示辣椒叶水浸液的自毒作用最强.