灌溉定额分配及水磷耦合对滴灌苜蓿 生长规律的影响

【目的】 研究不同灌溉定额分配及水磷耦合对滴灌苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)生长规律的影响。【方法】 设3种灌溉梯度,分别为:5 250 m³/hm²(W₁)、6 000 m³/hm²(W₂)、6 750 m³/hm²(W₃),在灌水量为6 000 m³/hm²(W₂)下,设3种灌溉定额分配模式:(1)刈割前灌溉本茬次总灌水量的35%＋刈割后灌溉本茬次总灌水量的65%(F₁)、(2)刈割前灌溉本茬次总灌水量的50%＋刈割后灌溉本茬次总灌水量的50%(F₂)、(3)刈割前灌溉本茬次总灌水量的65%＋刈割后灌溉本茬次总灌水量的35%(F₃)。在三种灌溉梯度下分别设3种施磷模式为:施P₂O₅ 50 kg/hm²(P₁)、100 kg/hm²(P₂)、150 kg/hm²(P₃)。【结果】 不同灌溉定额分配条件下,各茬次F₂处理苜蓿植株达到最快生长速率的天数最少为17~18 d,F₁处理苜蓿生物量的增长空间最大,且受灌溉定额分配的影响最小;不同水磷耦合条件下,各茬次W₃P₂处理苜蓿植株达到最快生长速率的天数最少为15~16 d,W₁P₃处理、W₂P₃处理、W₃P₃处理苜蓿生物量的增长空间最大,W₃P₃处理受水磷影响最小。【结论】 在苜蓿达到最大生长速率15~18 d时进行水肥管理效果最佳,且刈割前灌溉本茬次总灌水量的35%,刈割后灌溉本茬次总灌水量的65%,以及适宜灌溉量(6 000 m³/hm²)与施磷量(P₂O₅ 100 kg/hm²)的有效耦合,均有利于建植第二年滴灌苜蓿生长潜力的有效发挥。     

我国有机肥的现状与发展前景分析

分析了我国有机肥的现状与发展前景。我国有机肥的资源丰富，数量持续增长，质量却有所降低，利用率也在下降。有机肥利用技术不适应当前农村的新需求，以及有机肥管理工作不到位，是我国有机肥利用率下降的主要原因。今后应以秸秆与畜禽粪便的简便处理、直接利用为主要发展方向，争取逐步达到5000万t养分的年施用量，与化肥形成1：1的施用比例，实现合理的施肥策略。     

福建烟区土壤镁营养状况及其施用效果研究

通过对福建烟区117个代表性土壤及相应的烟叶样品的分析结果表明:福建烟区平均土壤交换性Mg含量为31.78 mg·kg-1,土壤有80%以上交换性Mg含量低于临界值, 有50%以上烟叶存在不同程度的缺Mg现象,烟叶Mg含量大部分在0.15%～0.25%.不同土壤类型交换性Mg含量顺序是:紫泥田＞潮沙田＞黄泥田＞灰泥田＞沙质田＞乌泥田.不同品种烟叶中Mg含量不同,外引品种K326,G80烟叶中Mg含量高于当地品种翠碧一号和岩烟97 .通过施用225 kg.hm-1 MgSO4·7H2O,对烤烟增产增质效果明显.     

Status of selenium and vitamin E on Norwegian organic sheep and dairy cattle farms

Herbage selenium (Se) concentration is generally low in Norway. It is unknown whether feeding practices on Norwegian organic farms fulfil the dietary needs of Se and vitamin E for sheep and dairy cattle. Therefore we analysed Se in soil and herbage, and Se and vitamin E in animal blood in the indoor feeding season at 14 organic dairy and 14 organic sheep farms. The herbage Se concentration was low. Approximately 50 and 35% of all samples in the first and second cut, respectively, had Se concentrations below the detection limit of 0.01 mg/kg dry matter (DM). The median (10th, 90th percentile) Se concentrations were <0.01 (<0.01, 0.03) and 0.02 (<0.01, 0.06) mg/kg DM in the first and second cuts, respectively. Whole blood Se concentrations were 0.10 (0.04, 0.15) μg/g in dairy cattle and 0.14 (0.03, 0.26) μg/g in sheep. Vitamin E concentrations were 4.2 (2.7, 8.4) mg/l in dairy cattle and 1.3 (0.9, 2.4) mg/l in sheep. None of the soil or plant variables explained the variation in herbage Se concentration, although Se in soil and plant tended to be correlated. Herbage Se concentration was inadequate to meet the dietary Se requirements. Vitamin E requirement was only met in dairy herds. We recommend Se and vitamin E supplementation to ruminants on organic farms.     

土壤施锌对不同镉浓度下玉米吸收积累镉的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了土壤施Zn量对不同Cd浓度下2种基因型玉米吉单209、长单374吸收积累Cd的影响。结果表明,土壤添加Cd浓度由6mg·kg-1增加到20mg·kg-1,2种基因型玉米地上生物量显著降低(P=0.016)。Cd6mg·kg-1处理时土壤施Zn提高了玉米生物量,Cd20mg·kg-1处理施Zn240mg·kg-1对生物量有所抑制。随添加Cd浓度的升高,2种基因型玉米植株对Cd的吸收呈线性增加。土壤施Zn降低了玉米植株中的Cd含量,2个品种玉米植株Cd含量在80或160mg·kg-1Zn时达到最低值(P<0.05)。添加Cd含量由6mg·kg-1增加到20mg·kg-1,土壤施Zn使地上部Cd含量降低幅度增加,而使根系的降低幅度减小。土壤外源Cd浓度的升高促进了2种基因型玉米地上部分的Zn含量。     

长期施肥对红壤磷组分及活性酸的影响

以12年的红壤长期肥力监测定位试验不同处理土壤为材料,研究了连续施肥对土壤磷组分、土壤对磷吸附解吸、土壤活性酸铝的影响。连续施用化学磷肥和化肥加有机肥,均可提高土壤全磷、无机磷数量。施用有机肥料,土壤中的磷以Ca-P和Al-P积累为主要表现形式,化学磷肥的施用能够提高土壤的全磷,并以Al-P增幅为最大,在所有处理中均表现为土壤O-P相对稳定。有机肥料处理土壤对外源磷的吸附强度明显少于施用化学磷肥和不施用磷肥的处理,有机肥料能够显著提高吸附磷的再利用,在NPKM处理中解吸磷占吸附磷的47.72%,M处理中占42.89%,其它处理中解吸磷占吸附磷数量一般少于8%。MNPK、M处理的PFI为2.51、2.69比N、NP处理4.53、4.37明显降低。在红壤旱地长期施用化学肥料,土壤交换性酸铝成倍增加,土壤酸化严重;施用有机肥料、有机肥料与化学肥料配合施用,土壤交换酸铝表现稳定。     

1GHB-175型旋耕灭茬施肥播种联合作业机的设计

设计了一种旋耕灭茬施肥播种复式作业机,该机采用反旋灭茬,一次作业完成根茬还田与施肥播种多项作业。根据旋耕灭茬所需刀轴转速和排种施肥量,合理计算了传动比;利用旋耕比阻法和试验法分别计算了旋耕灭茬和排种施肥所需动力,最终确定了整机功率。经检测部门检测,该机工作性能良好,茬土分离、施肥和播种效果良好,整机结构紧凑。     

茶园土壤主要营养障碍因子及系列茶树专用肥的研制

系统研究了以浙江为主的茶园土壤养分资源现状,明确了茶园土壤养分供应能力低且不平衡、有机质贫缺和酸化日趋严重等主要营养障碍因子,提出了优质高效高产茶园土壤有机质、全氮等12项营养诊断指标,研制出适合不同类型茶园的茶树系列专用肥3种及其配套使用技术,取得明显的增产、提质和改土效果。     

NITROGEN USE AND MANAGEMENT IN ORCHARDS AND VEGETABLE FIELDS IN CHINA: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

China is the largest producer and consumer of fruits and vegetables in the world. Although the annual planting areas of orchards and vegetable fields(OVF) account for 20% of total croplands, they consume more than 30% of the mineral nitrogen fertilizers in China and have become hotspots of reactive N emissions. Excess N fertilization has not only reduced the N use efficiency(NUE) and quality of grown fruits and vegetables but has also led to soil acidification, biodiversity loss and climate chan...     

Rice Growth and Nutrient Accumulation as Affected by Different Composts

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of four different kinds of compost: pea–rice hull compost (PRC), cattle dung–tea compost (CTC), hog dung–rice hull compost (HDR), and hog dung–sawdust compost (HDS). These types of compost differ in nitrogen composition and in the dry matter yield and nutrient accumulation [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)], of rice plants. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants were planted in an Oxisol soil. Plants were cultivated in pots, which contained 3 kg of soil, mixed with the four different composts (PRC, 404 g; CTC, 395 g; HDR, and HDS, 450 g) and chemical fertilizer (CHEM) (N:P₂O₅:K₂O=120:96:72) The residual effect was studied after the crop was harvested. All treatments were replicated four times, with a randomized complete block design. The nutrient concentrations in the root, leaf sheath, leaf blade, stalk, and grain were analyzed at different growth stages. After the first crop, the dry matter yield and the amount of N, P, and K absorbed from the CTC or HDS treatments were higher than those of the other treatments, at the most active tillering stage. The growth and nutrient accumulation of rice plants given the PRC treatment were higher than those given the CHEM treatment at the heading stage or the HDR treatment at the maturity stage. In the second crop, the dry matter yield from the PRC, CTC, and HDR treatments was higher than from the other treatments. The nutrient accumulation of the rice plants was positively correlated with the dry matter yield. The residual effect of the HDS compost was the least among all four composts.