凡纳滨对虾6个养殖群体遗传多样性的比较分析

中国多批次引进凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei并结合生产开展了相对独立的育苗工作,但对引进群体及引进后留种形成的本地群体的遗传变异水平缺乏了解,不利于种质管理及利用。此研究采用AFLP技术对抽查的6个养殖群体进行分析,发现进口群体具有相对较高的遗传多样性水平;养殖性能较好的东方、海星和旭明群体遗传多样性水平与进口群体相近;而乾塘群体遗传变异水平最高,推测可能是与其种质混杂有关;广益群体遗传多样性水平最低,可能已出现近交衰退。通过对各个群体间的遗传距离进行分析,为下一步根据亲缘关系的远近开展群体问杂交育种提供技术依据。     

鱼类组蛋白核苷酸的多态性及其在杀鱼爱德华氏菌感染中的作用

组蛋白是染色体核小体的重要组分,在调控染色质结构、基因转录、个体发育等不同生物学过程中起着重要作用。为了研究鱼类组蛋白基因是否存在核苷酸的多态性以及组蛋白核苷酸多态性是否会影响鱼类的抗病力,本实验以斑马鱼和草鱼为研究对象,通过PCR扩增克隆了组蛋白H2A的全长开放阅读框;利用过表达技术、菌落平板计数、感染存活分析以及荧光定量PCR技术,研究了斑马鱼和草鱼组蛋白H2A核苷酸多态性不同变异体在杀鱼爱德华氏菌感染中的作用。在本研究中,实验发现鱼类组蛋白H2A存在着丰富的核苷酸多态性。序列分析结果显示斑马鱼和草鱼组蛋白H2A核苷酸多态性的变异体核苷酸序列相似性为90%～100%;而两两H2A核苷酸多态性变异体氨基酸序列之间最多只有3个位点存在差异。通过体内和体外抗菌实验可知,斑马鱼和草鱼组蛋白H2A核苷酸的多态性显著影响H2A的抗菌活性。此外,筛选出的抗菌组蛋白H2A核苷酸多态性的变异体在斑马鱼体内的过表达,不仅具有免疫增强的作用,还能显著增强斑马鱼对杀鱼爱德华氏菌感染的抗病力。本研究为筛选具有抗病作用的组蛋白H2A免疫保护原奠定了重要基础。     

西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼遗传多样性的微卫星分析

西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼(Illex argentinus)是重要的经济大洋性头足类,其种群结构较为复杂。本研究采用8个微卫星标记,对西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼群体的遗传多样性进行了检测。8个基因座位上,共检测出172个等位基因,每个基因座位检测到10～30个等位基因不等。8个位点的平均观测等位基因数为21.500 0,平均有效等位基因数为12.074 1。各位点的观测杂合度(Ho)变化范围为0.300 0～0.775 0,期望杂合度(He)为0.484 2～0.977 0,平均观测杂合度为0.504 6,平均期望杂合度为0.873 4。8个微卫星位点的多态信息含量(PIC)平均值为0.853 6。以卡方检验估计Hardy-Weinberg平衡,发现8个基因座位均不符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。Fst分析显示该群体无明显的遗传分化。研究结果揭示:西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼种群显示了高水平的微卫星多态性,该海域阿根廷滑柔鱼群体的遗传多态性水平在经历了近十年的密集捕捞压力后没有明显的变化,同时证明微卫星分子标记是研究该物种自然种群的有利工具。     

RAPD分析野生和养殖三角帆蚌的遗传多样性

用150个随机引物对野生三角帆蚌和养殖三角帆蚌进行随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分析，最终筛选出2．0个引物，分别能扩增出1-10条大小不等的片段，片段长度在500—2000bp之间。野生三角帆蚌和养殖三角粤蚌的种内相似系数分别为0．787和0．833，显示野生种群基因组发生的变异较养殖种群大。野生三角帆蚌和养殖三角帆蚌种群间遗传距离为0．054，表明三角帆蚌野生和养殖种群亲缘关系比较接近。     

大黄鱼22个微卫星标记在F1家系中的分离方式及与生长性状的相关分析

研究了1个大黄鱼F1家系150个个体22个微卫星位点的基因型分布,并分析了标记位点与生长性状的相关性。结果显示,22个位点共检测到60个等位基因,平均等位基因数为2.73,平均有效等位基因数为2.37;平均观测杂合度与期望杂合度分别为0.75和0.73,部分位点基因型分布严重偏离孟德尔定律,暗示其可能与适应性基因相连锁,其中LYC0446位点附近可能存在隐性纯合致死基因。LYC0077位点与体质量、体长和体高均呈显著相关(P<0.05),其中等位基因A(165 bp)对应的生长性状表型值最大,可以作为选育快长性状的有效分子标记;LYC0015和LYC0243与体高呈显著相关(P<0.05),与体长、体质量的相关不显著(P>0.05),LYC0015位点的等位基因C(110 bp)和LYC0243位点的等位基因A(160 bp)为有利的等位基因。对LYC0015、LYC0077和LYC0243进行不同基因型个体表型值的多重比较,找到3种对生长性状有利的基因型,分别为BC、AA和AB。同时,以体质量性状为参照,对3个位点不同基因型组合进行比较,找到一个最优基因型组合(BC/AA/AB),与3个位点单独分析对应的最优基因型完全一致,符合加性作用模型。     

富集文库－菌落原位杂交法筛选栉孔扇贝的微卫星标记

应用微卫星富集文库─菌落原位杂交法,筛选得到了40个栉孔扇贝的微卫星标记.用固定了(AG)15和(AC)15探针的尼龙膜(Hybond N )捕捉含有微卫星DNA的片段,经洗脱、PCR扩增和TA克隆,构建栉孔扇贝的微卫星富集文库.利用ECL试剂盒(Amersham公司)标记的(AG)15和(AC)15探针进行菌落原位杂交筛选微卫星富集文库,阳性克隆经测序获得微卫星DNA.富集文库中1200个重组克隆经过菌落原位杂交后,532个(44.3%)为阳性克隆.任意挑选100个克隆测序,结果显示所有的克隆都至少含有一个微卫星位点.利用软件设计了65对特异性PCR引物,40对能扩增出清晰的带谱;利用48个栉孔扇贝个体评价微卫星位点,分析表明37个位点具有多态性.不同的位点获得的等位基因数目为2～14个不等,37个多态性位点共获得258个等位基因,平均每个位点获得7.0个等位基因.观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)及多态性信息含量值(PIC)的范围分别为0.1000～1.0000、0.1197～0.9831和0.1172～0.9782.结果表明,富集文库─菌落原位杂交法适合大规模筛选目标物种的微卫星标记.     

Assessment of clonal fidelity of micropropagated gerbera plants by ISSR markers

True-to-type clonal fidelity is one of the most important pre-requisites in micropropagation of crop species. Genetic fidelity of in vitro raised 45 plants of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus) derived from three different explants, viz., capitulum, leaf and shoot tips, was assessed by 32 ISSR markers, for their genetic stability. Out of 32 ISSR markers, 15 markers produced clear, distinct and scorable bands with an average of 5.47 bands per marker. The markers designed from AG motif amplified more number of bands. The markers anchored at 3′ ends produced high number of consistent bands than unanchored markers. Fifteen ISSR markers generated a total of 3773 bands, out of which 3770 were monomorphic among all the clones. The Jaccard's similarity coefficient revealed that out of 45 clones derived from different explants, 44 were grouped into a single large cluster alongwith the mother plant with a similarity coefficient value of 1.00, whereas one clone (C38) remained ungrouped. The clones derived from capitulum and shoot tip explants did not show any genetic variation, whereas, one of the leaf-derived clones exhibited some degree of variation.     

Genetic diversity of apricot revealed by a set of SSR markers from linkage group G1

Eight polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers located in the G1 linkage group of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) were previously developed and evaluated in a small set of cultivars. Those primers were used for studying variability in 77 apricot cultivars belonging to five different geographical groups, such as Chinese, Asian (Irano-Caucasian and Central Asian), North American, Mediterranean and Western European as well as Middle European cultivars. Six of the markers were polymorphic and revealed a total of 71 alleles ranging from 5 (aprigms11) to 20 (aprigms1) alleles per locus with a mean value of 11.83 alleles per locus. In conclusion, the SSR loci located in the G1 linkage group show a level of polymorphism which is similar to loci dispersed throughout the entire genome. The total number of alleles and the number of unique alleles were the highest in Chinese apricots and the lowest in Middle European cultivars. Heterozygosity also showed a decrease from Asia and China to Middle Europe. No association could have been observed between any SSR markers tested and plum pox virus (PPV) resistant phenotype of cultivars. PPV resistant cultivars did not form a separate clade on the dendrogram obtained by UPGMA cluster analysis. Middle European and Chinese cultivars formed separate clusters while other genotypes formed smaller multiple sub-groups or scattered among different clusters. Our results support previous hypotheses on the origin of PPV resistance in North American apricots. The allele data was also presented in a form that allowed the easy observation of allele frequencies in each geographical group at each locus. Using this data field, differences and similarities between cultivar groups can be easily assessed. The analysis demonstrated the links between the North American and Mediterranean apricot germplasm and confirmed that the Chinese and Eastern European cultivars are distantly related.     

适于SSR分析的树莓基因组DNA的快速提取

通过改良CTAB法对不同品种的树莓幼嫩叶片进行DNA提取,并对得到的DNA进行了电泳检测、含量测定和SSR分析.结果表明:该方法所提DNA的纯度和产率都较高,OD260/OD280比值均介于1.7～1.9之间,OD260/OD230比值介于2.0～2.5之间,无降解现象,RNA去除干净,产率均在50～130μg/mL之间.经SSR-PCR分析条带清晰,多态性好,说明此方法提取的树莓基因组DNA完全适于SSR分析.     

核果类果树遗传连锁图谱的研究进展

遗传连锁图谱构建是基因组研究中的重要环节,是基因定位与克隆乃至基因组结构与功能研究的基础。近20a来,分子生物学特别是分子标记技术的飞速发展为高饱和核果类遗传连锁图谱的构建和利用奠定了基础。目前国内外已经公布十几张核果类的遗传连锁图谱,但这些图谱均有不同的缺陷。因此,我们就核果类遗传连锁图谱的构建进展、性状的QTL定位及比较图谱应用进行了综述,并探讨了核果类遗传连锁图谱研究的前景和存在的问题。