不同机采棉行距配置对棉花生长发育及光合物质生产的影响

以新陆早32号为供试材料,在新疆自然生态环境下研究不同机采棉行距配置(66+10 cm、72+4 cm)对棉花生长发育及其光合物质生产的影响。结果表明:72+4模式利于棉花前期生长,因其地膜覆盖率高,采光面积大,地温高;66+10模式利于棉花中后期的生长,因其通风透光性强;其中66+10模式与72+4模式相比,棉花生育时期提前3 d,株高高于72+4模式15.66%,叶片多于72+4模式13.53%,两者差异达到显著水平,以此为基础,66+10模式下棉花营养生长和生殖生长得到有效合理的协调,并促进了生殖器官干物质的积累,且因中后期的通风透光性强,提高了外围铃比例,为增产做贡献。     

混播方式对无芒雀麦+红豆草混播草地植物生长效率及混播效应的影响

本研究从混播牧草相对生长效率和种间竞争动态的角度出发,利用盆栽试验分析和比较不同混播方式下无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia)的相对生长速率、叶绿素荧光参数、牧草相对产量及相对产量总和,以期明确无芒雀麦+红豆草混播草地的种间竞争过程和混播优势产生机制。结果表明,两种牧草株高相对生长速率和密度相对生长速率均表现出混播大于单播,行距30cm异行混播表现出较高的相对生长速率。异行混播下无芒雀麦相对密度(RD_g)和红豆草相对密度(RD_l)均高于同行混播,行距30cm异行混播下红豆草RD_l和相对产量(RY)均较高;同行混播和行距30cm异行混播具有较高的相对产量总和(RYT)。无芒雀麦叶片的初始荧光效率(F_o)和最大荧光(F_m)均为异行混播高于单播,叶片PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)则是单播高于同行混播;在不同混播方式下两种牧草叶片单位面积捕获的光能(TR_o/CS_o)值相差较小;行距30cm异行混播、行距45cm异行混播下两种牧草均具有较高叶绿素荧光参数。因此,行距30cm+异行混播具有较高群体光合效率和豆科牧草种间竞争力,形成了组分结构稳定、生产性能较高的群体。     

Stand dynamics and tree quality response to precommercial thinning in a northern hardwood forest of the Acadian forest region: 23 years of intermediate results

In the late 1980s, large forest companies began precommercial thinning (PCT) operations in young northern hardwood cutovers in New Brunswick, Canada. To provide supporting growth and yield information, an industrial experiment was established at residual stand densities of 1300, 1600, 1900, and 2200?stems?ha^?1. Stand responses were examined for measurements recorded at 0 (1987), 5 (1992), 10 (1997), 16 (2003), and 23 (2010) years after establishment. Average diameter at breast height, quadratic mean diameter, stand basal area, and stand total volume growth increased as stem density decreased from PCT. There were significant linear differences for many of these variables between treatments and time periods (year). No significant differences were detected in tree height between treatments. In 2010, the four PCT thinning treatments did not exhibit any differences in potential sawlogs at 2.4?m (8?ft) and 3.6?m (12?ft) lengths. Significant differences were observed for 4.9?m (16?ft) sawlogs that were produced at the least dense spacing (1300?stems?ha^?1). Results from this study and recommendations from the European literature suggest that value-added timber products may be produced from more intense PCT treatments than are currently being practiced on sites dominated by yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.).     

Crown and branch attributes of mid-aged Betula alnoides plantations in response to planting density

Both crown and branch characteristics greatly affect tree growth and timber quality, and their development is closely related to planting density (PD). Here crown and branch attributes of Betula alnoides were investigated in a 14-year-old experimental plantation in southern China with five planting densities ranging from 500 to 3333 stems per hectare (sph). The results showed that high PD significantly reduced crown and branch sizes. The ratios of crown diameter to stem diameter at breast height at the stand level and for dominant and co-dominant trees were almost constant regardless of PD. PD also had no significant influence on the number and angle of branches, and only planting with the highest density significantly increased branch density and mortality. Insertion angle (IA) of dead branches was greater than that of live branches and these differences were significant at the two low planting densities (833 and 500?sph). Linear mixed models revealed that branch diameter (BD) was negatively correlated with its relative height in the crown and IA. The binary-logistic regression model indicated that branch status (live or dead) was codetermined by BD and PD. These findings can help farmers cultivate high-quality wood of B. alnoides and obtain a higher economic return.     

加装导流板的舀勺式马铃薯播种机排种器性能分析与试验

马铃薯播种机排种器的投种角度、速度、高度以及种薯与土壤接触后的弹跳等对马铃薯排种器播种质量影响较大,针对上述问题,该文研制了舀勺式马铃薯排种器的投种结构,设计加装了导流板。通过对导流板的性能分析、种薯投种过程及种薯与沟底碰撞过程的运动学分析,确定了影响播种效果的因素;以主动轮转速、机组前进速度、投种高度为主要因素,株距变异系数、漏播率、重播率为试验指标进行田间试验,并进行了旋转正交试验回归分析。试验结果表明:经参数优化后的马铃薯排种器具有较好的播种质量,当主动轮转速为42 r/min、前进速度为1.2m/s、投种高度为640mm时,其株距变异系数平均值为12.5%、漏播率平均值为2.21%、重播率平均值为3.56%,其标准均高于传统的舀勺式排种器,播种效果提升显著(P0.01)。该研究为马铃薯排种器技术进步提供了参考。     

宽窄行栽植模式下三倍体毛白杨吸水根系的空间分布与模拟

研究三倍体毛白杨Populus tomentosa吸水根系空间分布特征是建立三倍体毛白杨根系吸水模型的基础。采用根钻法对宽窄行栽植模式下毛白杨吸水根系的空间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明：垂直方向上,宽、窄行内的吸水根系均在0 ～ 60 cm递减,但在60 ～ 80 cm又有小幅度增加;且根系主要分布区域都在0 ～ 20 cm土层内,根长密度分别达到0.080 cm·cm^-3和0.074 cm·cm^-3,约占各自系统总根量的44.14%和48.71%;相同水平方向0 ～ 100 cm范围内宽行各土层的根长密度较窄行相应土层均有大幅度增加,增加量分别为35.45%,36.76%,71.67%和72.27%。水平方向上,宽行20 ～ 200 cm内毛白杨根长密度呈指数递减分布;吸水根系主要集中分布在20～80 cm内,该区域总根长密度为0.250 cm·cm^-3,约占系统总根量的49.20%;窄行内吸水根系的水平分布不规律,各土层不同带距间根长密度差异不显著。对窄行拟合了一维根长密度分布函数,决定系数为0.288;对宽行拟合了二维根长密度分布函数,复相关系数达到0.538。研究结果将为进一步探索毛白杨速生丰产林根区的土壤水分动态以及土壤?鄄植物?鄄大气连续体（SPAC）系统中的水分传输机制提供基础资料和理论支持。图5表2参12     

Eleven years of integrated weed management: long‐term impacts of row spacing and harvest weed seed destruction on Lolium rigidum control

Long‐term research aimed to determine whether narrow row spacing and harvest weed seed destruction, in combination with herbicide use, would be sufficient to drive a Lolium rigidum population to extinction. A trial was run from 1987 to 2013, with treatments including crop row spacings of 9, 18, 27 or 36 cm and crop residue burning or retention. Herbicides were applied to reflect regional practices. The initial trial design was randomised, but treatments were maintained in each plot over the following years. Lolium rigidum seed production at harvest was assessed from 2003 to 2013. Average crop yield was higher in the unburnt plots (1638 kg ha^?1) than the burnt plots (1530 kg ha^?1) and greater at narrow row spacing, with an average yield of 1658, 1637, 1548 and 1492 kg ha^?1 in the 9‐, 18‐, 27‐ and 36‐cm spacings. Lolium rigidum seed at harvest was reduced in the burnt plots (57 seeds m^?2) compared with the unburnt plots (297 seeds m^?2) and was reduced at narrow row spacing, with an average of 58, 78, 223 and 333 seeds m^?2 in the 9‐, 18‐, 27‐ and 36‐cm row spacings. By 2013, L. rigidum seed production was reduced to an average of 0 seeds m^?2 in the narrow row spacing, burnt plots.     

密度和行距配置对耐密型玉米产量及其构成因素的影响

以先玉335和大丰26为供试材料,采用3因素裂区设计,研究种植密度和行距配置对这2个玉米品种产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,在不同的种植密度及行距配置下,先玉335和大丰26的产量及其构成因素(穗数、穗粒数和百粒质量)之间差异均没有达到显著水平;不同种植密度对穗数、百粒质量及产量影响显著;不同行距配置对百粒质量与产量影响显著;密度与行距配置对百粒质量和产量存在显著或极显著的互作效应;先玉335与大丰26均在密度为8.1万株/hm2和66.6 cm+33.3 cm宽窄行配置模式下产量最高。     

树木树冠阴影面积与种植间距的编程计算分析研究

主要是利用计算机编程软件Microsoft Visual C++6.0和现有的天文学公式以及对公式的分析计算处理,对决定树木所投射阴影大小起决定性因素的太阳方位角和太阳高度角进行编程化求解。然后根据所得出的实时数据和树木树冠模型化分析,最终计算得出不同的经纬度在某一时刻树木的投影面积,为果树等的合理种植间距分析提供依据。     

豫西地区行距配置对夏玉米产量及其构成因素的影响

为明确豫西地区夏玉米最优行距,以郑单958为试验材料,设置2个密度(82 500株/hm2和97 500株/hm2)和5个行距(宽+窄)配置[60 cm+60 cm(CK)、70 cm+50 cm、80 cm+40 cm、90 cm+30 cm、100 cm+20 cm,宽窄行种植],研究行距配置对高产条件下玉米产量及其构成因素的影响.结果表明,2个密度条件下均以80 cm+40 cm(宽+窄)行距配置产量最高.随密度增加,对照茎粗降低0.1％,单株叶面积减小2.1％,单株干物质量减小16.3％,空秆率增加1.8个百分点,80 cm+40 cm处理空秆率最小.宽窄行处理随着宽行距的逐渐增加,穗位叶SPAD值呈先增加后减小的趋势.密度增加,稳位叶SPAD值减小.因此,在豫西地区夏玉米种植条件下,建议种植密度为82 500株/hm时,采用80 cm+40 cm处理的种植行距;密度为97 500株/hm2时,采用80 cm+40 cm处理或50 cm+70 cm处理的种植行距,以利于玉米高密度群体植株的生长和最终产量的提高.