种植行向对玉米茎叶形态建成与产量的调控效应

以玉米品种郑单958为材料,2012–2013年采用田间不同行向种植设计,研究了种植行向对玉米茎叶形态建成和产量的调控。结果表明,种植行向对玉米叶和茎的形态建成影响显著。与南北行向(N-S)相比,东西行向(E-W)显著促进了中上部叶片(第11~第17叶)的伸长,增加了叶面积,但对叶宽影响不显著。种植行向显著影响了玉米茎秆质量,E-W种植方式显著促进了植株中下部节间的伸长和增粗,增加了第9和第10节间单位长度干重和茎秆折断强度。种植行向对拔节期植株干重没有显著影响,但E-W种植方式在大口期至成熟期的单株总生物量积累显著高于N-S种植,同时促进了干物质由叶、茎向雌穗的转移,显著提高了收获指数。E-W种植方式显著增加了玉米千粒重,提高了产量。因此,华北地区E-W种植方式可显著促进玉米茎叶生长和植株干物质积累,增加粒重,提高收获指数,提高产量。     

行向对不同穗型水稻群体微气象特性影响的研究-Ⅰ行向对群体内太阳直接辐射影响的理论分析

通过几何模拟，从理论上分析了北半球夏半年不同行向水稻遮荫宽度在不同纬度、不同季节的日变化，结果表明：中、低纬度地区东西行向遮荫宽度较小，有利于群体充分利用光能，而高纬度地区则以南北行向有较大优势，此外，还讨论了行向、行距与光能利用的关系。     

高岭石-甲醇夹层复合体的合成及其特性

以水合联胺,10 mol尿素水溶液及甲醇先后与高岭石反应,合成了晶面间距为1.0 nm的高岭石甲醇夹层复合物。复合物不太稳定,在常温下 (约放置72 h) 或1050C加热下 (2 min)晶面间距收缩为0.85 nm。于2000C加热时,晶面间距进一步收缩为0.79 nm。0.79 nm复合物在3000C条件下长时间加热也未再发生变化。由层间膨胀值的大小及甲醇分子的最小厚度推测,0.85 nm及0.79 nm夹层复合体中甲醇分子明显地嵌入了高岭石的结构内部。其甲基可能嵌入了硅氧四面体的六角环空洞中,而羟基嵌入了铝氧八面体内。IR图谱表明0.79 nm复合物中甲醇分子与高岭石的相互作用较之0.85 nm复合物更强。     

花后不同时期高温处理和行距对不同品种小麦旗叶光合特性的影响

在大田条件下,研究不同行距及花后不同时期高温胁迫条件对冬小麦旗叶叶绿素含量(a b)、光合速率(Pn)、及PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ光化学的最大效率、荧光非光化学猝灭系数(qN)以及产量的影响。结果表明,灌浆前期和中期对旗叶光合参数影响较大,后期影响减小。在相同温度条件下,大穗型品种在灌浆前期受高温胁迫影响最大,而多穗型品种则在灌浆中期。采用宽窄行种植方式可以降低高温天气对花后旗叶光合的影响。     

长期不同耕作方式下的土壤硬度变化特征

为探明不同耕作方式下土壤硬度变化特征,以始于1983年长期定位不同耕作方式土壤为研究对象,采用土壤硬度仪观测免耕(no-tillage,NT)、翻耕(plow tillage,PT)、间隔深松(spacing tillage,ST)和传统耕作(conventional tillage,CT)不同年份、季节、土壤剖面及冻融前后土壤硬度,研究不同耕作方式对土壤硬度的影响。结果表明:免耕增加了耕层0~25 cm土壤硬度,而土层25~45 cm免耕硬度显著降低(P0.05),但传统耕作硬度有增加趋势,间隔深松和翻耕硬度明显低于免耕和传统耕作(P0.05);不同耕作方式土壤硬度随季节的推移呈波动性变化,0~25和25~45cm变化趋势基本一致;土壤硬度随土壤深度的增加而增加,上层明显低于下层(P0.05),不同时期变化不同,前期随深度增加到20cm处呈垂直变化,而后期随深度增加呈反"S"型曲线变化;冻融交替作用可以有效降低土壤硬度,缓解冻融后土壤硬度,间隔深松降幅最大为148.97%,其次为免耕和翻耕,降幅分别为41.96%和58.44%,传统耕作降幅最小仅为3.38%。综合分析认为,间隔深松耕作是改善土壤硬度,提高土壤宜耕性的有效耕作方法。该研究可为东北雨养农业区构建合理耕层和确定适宜的耕作技术提供科学依据。     

种植行距对冬小麦田土壤蒸发与水分利用的影响

农田土壤蒸发不参与作物的生理和生产过程,属非生产性无效耗水。本研究采用Micro-lysimeters(MLS)对不同种植行距的麦田土壤蒸发测定结果表明,土壤蒸发随种植行距的增加而增大,窄行距种植的小麦冠层盖度较大,有利于抑制土壤蒸发。整个生育期7.5cm、15.0cm和30.0cm行距土壤蒸发分别为89.1mm、104.2mm和121.9mm,以15cm为对照,7.5cm行距麦田对土壤蒸发的抑制率为14.5%,而30cm行距麦田土壤蒸发增加17.0%。     

不同行株距对甘薯产量及其农艺性状的影响

[目的]为甘薯高产栽培提供理论依据.[方法]以食用型甘薯品种“冀秦薯1号”为试验材料,设置3种行距(60、70和80 cm)和3种株距(20、25和30 cm),研究不同行株距对甘薯产量及农艺性状的影响.[结果]加宽行距或加大株距均可以提高甘薯的鲜薯产量、单株鲜薯重等指标.60 cm×20 cm,60 cm×25 cm以及70 cm×25 cm这3种行株距配置甘薯的鲜薯产量均极显著高于其他6种行株距配置.当行株距为70 cm×25 cm时,单株鲜薯重最高,极显著高于其他8种行株距配置.当行株距为70 cm×30 cm和80 cm×30cm时单株茎叶鲜重极显著高于其他7种配置.[结论]行距×株距互作除了对单株结薯数无显著影响外,对其他8个性状的影响均达到显著或极显著水平.     

The Influence of Row Spacing and Seeding Rate on Seed Yield and Yield Components of Forage Turnip (Brassica rapa L.)

The effects of four row spacings (17.5, 35.0, 52.5 and 70.0 cm) and five seeding rates (50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 viable seeds m^?2) on seed yield and some yield components of forage turnip (Brassica rapa L.) were evaluated under rainfed conditions in Bursa, Turkey in the 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 growing seasons. Plant height, stem diameter, pods/terminal raceme, total pods/plant, seeds/pod and primary branches/plant were measured individually. The number of plants per unit area was counted and the lodging rate of the plots was scored. The seed yield and 1000‐seed weight were also determined. Row spacing and seeding rate significantly affected most yield components measured. The number of plants per unit area increased with increasing seeding rate and decreasing row spacing. Plant height was not greatly influenced by row spacing and seeding rate, but higher seeding rates reduced the number of primary branches and the stem diameter. The number of pods/main stem was affected by row spacing and but not by the seeding rate. Also, the number of seeds per pod was not affected by either the row spacing or the seeding rate. In contrast, the number of pods per plant clearly increased with increasing row spacing, but decreased with increasing seeding rate. The plots seeded at narrow row spacings and at high seeding rates were more sensitive to lodging. Seeding rate had no significant effect on seed yield in both years. Seed yield was similar at all seeding rates, averaging 1151 kg ha^?1. However, row spacing was associated with seed yield. The highest seed yield (1409 kg ha^?1) was obtained for the 35.0‐cm row spacing and 200 seeds m^?2 seeding rate combination without serious lodging problems.     

Effects of Row Spacing, Support Plant Species and Support Plant Mixture Ratio on Seed Yield and Yield Characteristics of Hungarian Vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz)

The effects of row spacing (17.5 or 35.0 cm), support plant species (barley or triticale) and the proportion of crops in mixtures (no support plant or support plant 20, 40 or 60 %, respectively) on the seed yield and yield characteristics of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) were investigated. Increasing the row spacing increased the seed yield of V. pannonica from 881.0 to 1248.0 kg ha^?1. On average, in a pure stand the seed yield of V. pannonica was 1141.0 kg ha^?1. In mixtures with barley and triticale, the seed yield of V. pannonica averaged 986.0 and 1143.0 kg ha^?1, respectively. In single mixed stands the seed yield of V. pannonica varied between 551.0 kg ha^?1 (60 % support plant barley) and 1603.0 kg ha^?1 (20 % support plant triticale). The yield advantage of V. pannonica in this triticale mixture was 40 % compared to the V. pannonica pure stand. With respect to the total yield in the mixture with 20 % triticale (1902.0 kg ha^?1) the yield advantage over the V. pannonica pure stand was as high as 65.1 %. In the mixed stands the number of seeds per pod and the thousand‐seed weight of V. pannonica were higher than in V. pannonica pure stands.     

珠光体层片间距的表征

The methods for measuring and denoting pearlite interlamellar spacing are described in this paper. we discuss that if it is seasonable to characterize pearlite interlamellar spacing by parameter Smin. The conclusion is: S_t distribution or S_t is the repr