基于RAPD标记的福建省稻曲病菌遗传多样性分析

为了解福建省稻曲病菌群体的遗传多样性和遗传组成,应用随机扩增多态性RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA)技术分析了来自福建省不同水稻种植区的102个稻曲病菌(Ustilaginoidea virens)的遗传多样性.从100条随机引物中筛选出10条扩增带清晰、重复性好的引物进行稻曲病菌多态性扩增,共扩增出157条带,多态性条带比率为82.17％,遗传距离变化范围为0.02～0.67.遗传多样性分析表明,福建省稻曲病菌具有丰富的遗传多样性,相对于其它地区而言,福建闽西地区分离的菌株遗传多样性水平最高PPB=76.43,H=0.2212,I=0.3383),晚稻分离的菌株群体遗传多样性(PPB=91.08,H=0.2402,I=0.3655)高于早稻群体(PPB=63.06,H=0.1892,I=0.2870).聚类分析显示,在遗传距离0.349水平上,供试的所有菌株可被划分成7个遗传聚类组(R1～R7),聚类组R1为优势聚类组,包含有80个菌株,其内又存有一些亚组.这些菌株的聚类与菌株的地理来源及水稻品种无明显相关性.但是在遗传距离0.330水平上,来自宁化的10个菌株可被明显划分成早稻群体和晚稻群体.初步分析认为菌株的地理来源、水稻品种及其生长季节是影响福建省稻曲病菌遗传多样性的主要因素,在稻曲病菌的遗传变异以及该病的发生和流行中可能起重要的作用.     

Temporal shifts in diversity and quantity of nirS and nirK in a rice paddy field soil

Denitrification is an important part of the nitrogen cycle in the environment, and diverse bacteria, archaea, and fungi are known to have denitrifying ability. Rice paddy field soils have been known to have strong denitrifying activity, but the microbes responsible for denitrification in rice paddy field soils are not well known. Present study analyzed the diversity and quantity of the nitrite reductase genes (nirS and nirK) in a rice paddy field soil, sampled four times in one rice-growing season. Clone library analyses suggested that the denitrifier community composition varied over sampling time. Although many clones were distantly related to the known NirS or NirK, some clones were related to the NirS from Burkholderiales and Rhodocyclales bacteria, and some were related to the NirK from Rhizobiales bacteria. These denitrifiers may play an important role in denitrification in the rice paddy field soil. The quantitative PCR results showed that nirK was more abundant than nirS in all soil samples, but the nirK/nirS ratio decreased after water logging. These results suggest that both diversity and quantity changed over time in the rice paddy field soil, in response to the soil condition.     

水稻粒型基因研究进展及应用

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)粒型包含粒长、粒宽和长宽比等一系列农艺性状,是影响水稻稻米品质和产量的重要因素之一。随着功能基因组学和分子标记技术的发展,越来越多的粒型基因逐渐被定位和克隆。本文主要总结了目前已经克隆的与水稻粒型有关的基因：粒长基因有GS3、GL7、GL3.3等;粒宽基因有GW2、GW5、GS5等;长宽比基因有GW7、TGW3、GS2等,各个基因之间的互作关系以及各个粒型基因在生产中的实际应用。同时,指出了水稻粒型基因在进行分子植物育种时出现的问题并针对相应的问题提出解决建议。     

4种农药对水稻籽粒生长模型参数的影响

 研究了稻田常用的4种农药对水稻籽粒充实的影响。于水稻破口期一次性标记200个稻穗。后每隔4d每小区取回20个稻穗烘干。每稻穗分别摘取10粒强势粒和弱势粒,去壳称重,计算百粒米重。根据籽粒生长模型,计算起始生长势R0,旺盛生长期△t,旺盛生长期内干物质累积生长量GT,最大生长速率Vmax及饱和生长量K。结果表明,强弱势粒的所有上述参数均受到农药处理不同程度的影响。其中吡虫啉2个剂量(有效成分22.5gha-1、45gha-1)处理GT、K值与对照相比分别下降10.68%、0.59%和8.79%、8.66%。高     

不同施氮水平对南方早稻氮素吸收利用及其产量和品质的影响

 在大田不同施氮条件下,研究了3个水稻品种的氮素吸收利用效率及其对产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施氮量增加,水稻氮素积累总量增加,而氮素的生产效率和收获指数下降。相同施氮量条件下提高穗肥比率,氮素积累量及其回收效率和运转效率增加,而氮素生产效率下降。不同施氮条件下水稻氮素吸收利用效率的变化对产量和品质性状产生重要影响,稻米蛋白质含量随氮素积累量增加而显著增加,随氮素生产效率提高而极显著下降;垩白米率及面积随氮素收获指数增加而显著提高。穗数随氮素积累量增加而显著增加,随氮素收获指数和氮素生产效率增加而显著下降;结     

籼稻品种浙辐802抗稻瘟病基因的鉴定与分离

 浙辐802是20世纪90年代在中国南方稻区大面积种植的籼稻品种,它对北方稻区的菌株表现很宽的抗谱。利用2个致病性稳定的稻瘟病菌系对浙辐802(ZF802)与普感品种丽江新团黑谷(LTH)杂交的F1、F2、BC1F1群体进行抗病性遗传分析,从ZF802中鉴定出2个抗病基因Pi-ZF1(t)和Pi-ZF2(t),它们都抵抗供试菌系研54-04,其中Pi-ZF1(t)基因也能抵抗供试菌系95-t2,而Pi-ZF2(t)基因对该菌系无效。根据F3和F4株系对供试菌系在抗性表型上的差异,对ZF802携带的抗病基因进行     

低纤维基因突变水稻稻草细胞壁组分动态发育分析

 以中国水稻研究所通过伽马射线照射选育的低纤维基因突变体水稻(嫩稻Nendao)与亲本双科早(Shuang-kezao)为研究试材,分析水稻抽穗后的细胞壁纤维构成生物学动态发育与特点。在相同种植条件下,低纤维基因突变体选育的嫩稻表现出较强的营养体生长优势,收获期叶、鞘、茎生物产量分别较亲本提高27.77%、30.19%和37.96%。与亲本相比,嫩稻稻草的细胞壁纤维素含量明显降低(-23.9%),而细胞壁在动态发育过程中,通过自我补偿能力,提高半纤维素(11.94%)、木质素(8.79%)与硅化物(5.60%     

Analysis of QTL for Seed Dormancy and Their Response to Dry Heat Treatment in Rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Quantitative trait loci(QTL)controlling seed dormancy in rice were identified using recombinant inbred lines(RILs)population derived from the cross between a japonica variety Kinmaze and an indica variety DV85. Seeds of two parental cultivars and each RIL were harvested in 35d after heading.. The germination percentage of these seeds at 30℃for 7 days were measured as the degree of seed dormancy.. QTL analysis was performed with Windows QTL Cartographer 1.13a program by composite interval mapping.. A total of four QTL for seed dormancy were detected on chromosome 2(two regions),5 and 11,respectively.Phenotypic variation explained by each QTL ranged from 8.37 to 17.40%.. Responses of such loci to a dormancy-breaking treatment with dry heat were further detected. The results showed that two alleles of qDOR-2-1 and qDOR-5 from DV85 as well as the allele of qDOR11 from Kinmaze increased the seed dormancy,which seemed to be easily broken by dry heat treatment. Such loci of seed dormancy may be applied to rice genetic improvement.The allele of qDOR-2-2 from DV85 increased the seed dormancy,which could not be broken by dry heat treatment.     

FACE对水稻产量形成的影响及其原因分析

2001～2003年,在大田条件下以武香粳14号为供试品种,设计高、中、低氮处理,研究开放式空气CO2浓度增加(FACE)200μmolmol-1对水稻产量形成的影响及其原因。结果表明,FACE处理使水稻产量平均比对照增加12.8%,其中2001、2002和2003年增幅分别为10.8、14.1和13.6%,高、中、低氮处理的增幅分别为17.6、12.4、10.9%,均达到显著或极显著水平;FACE和氮处理对水稻产量的互作效应,2001、2002年达到显著水平,产量最高的处理组合为FACE×NN;FACE处理使水稻穗数平均比对照增加18.8%,每穗颖花数平均比对照减少7.6%,均达极显著水平;FACE处理使水稻生物产量平均提高16.2%,达极显著水平,使经济系数下降但未达到显著水平。进一步研究表明,FACE处理使水稻穗数极显著多于对照是因其分蘖发生速度快,最高分蘖数多所致,而不是其分蘖成穗率高的缘故;FACE处理使水稻每穗颖花数极显著少于对照是因其分化颖花的大量退化所致,而不是分化颖花数少的缘故。     

水稻抗倒伏能力与茎秆物理性状的关系及对产量的影响

研究了不同肥力条件下的水稻抗倒伏能力与茎秆物理性状的关系及对产量的影响。以成熟期植株倾斜角度代表的抗倒伏能力与茎秆第1伸长节间长度呈极显著负相关,与基部茎秆粗度、厚度分别呈极显著正相关。不同株高品种的抗倒伏能力存在着品种间差异;施氮对水稻群体倒伏具有重要影响。就产量来说,最高产群体一般出现在750kg/hm2的中肥区。研究认为,通过降低第1和第2伸长节间长度,适当加强茎秆基部物理性状的强度、降低穗位、增加穗长和穗颈长度等,可以提高水稻植株的抗倒性,使倒伏与株高和生物产量的矛盾在更高产水平上得到统一。