Chemical characteristics and potential source of fulvic acids leached from the plow layer of paddy soil

To understand better the chemical characteristics and source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) leached from the plow layer of rice paddies, a lysimeter study was conducted, which simulated submerged paddy topsoil during rice growth. The fulvic acid (FA) fraction in the percolation water from the lysimeter was collected by adsorption onto insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and the temporal variations in its elemental composition, molecular size distribution, IR spectra, ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra, and δ¹³C values were investigated. The proportion of the FA fraction to bulk DOM varied greatly, but the chemical characteristics of the FA fraction did not change appreciably during the experimental period. Thus, it is considered that the changes in the DOM composition in percolation water were mainly due to the differing contributions of the FA fraction. Further, to investigate the source of the FA fraction in the leachate, the chemical characteristics of the FA fraction in the leachate were compared with those extracted from the plow layer soil. A sequential extraction of the FA fraction was conducted using a sequence of water, 0.25 M Na₂SO₄, 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 7.0), 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5), and NaBH₄+0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5). It was found that the water- and 0.25 M Na₂SO₄-extractable fractions, which were most mobile, were not the only source of the FA fraction in the leachate. The small molecular size sub-fraction of the NaBH₄+0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5)-extractable FAs, most of which are probably bound mainly to iron oxides, are considered to be another source of the FA fraction leached from the plow layer of paddy fields.     

Comparative effects of applying leguminous and non-leguminous green manures and inorganic N on biomass yield and nitrogen uptake in flooded rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

The beneficial role of green manures in rice production is generally ascribed to their potential of supplying plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N). However, the mechanisms through which green manures enhance the crop productivity are poorly understood. Pot experiments were conducted using a ¹⁵N-tracer technique: (1) to compare the biomass production potential of sesbania (Sesbania aculeata Pers.) and maize (Zea mays L.) as green manuring crops for lowland rice and (2) to compare the effect of the two types of green manure and inorganic N on the dry matter accumulation and N uptake by two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, viz. IR-6 and Bas-370. Although maize produced three times higher shoot biomass compared with sesbania, the latter showed higher N concentration; and thus the total N yield was similar in the two types of plants. Applying the shoot material of the two plants to flooded rice significantly enhanced the dry matter yield and N uptake by the two rice cultivars, the positive effects generally being more pronounced with sesbania than with maize amendment. The difference in the growth-promoting potential of the two plant residues was related more to an increased uptake of the native soil N rather than to their direct role as a source of plant-available N. A positive added nitrogen interaction (ANI) was observed due to both plant residues, the effect was much more pronounced with the application of sesbania than with maize residues. In both rice cultivars, inorganic N also caused a substantial ANI, particularly at higher application rate. Losses from the applied N were 2–3 times lower from sesbania, compared with maize treatment. Green manuring with sesbania also caused much lower N losses than the inorganic N applied at equivalent or higher rates. The overall benefit of green manuring to rice plants was higher than inorganic N applied at comparable rates. The two rice cultivars differed in their response to green manuring, IR-6 generally being more responsive than Bas-370.     

UV-B辐射胁迫对水稻叶绿素荧光动力学的影响

研究结果表明，增强的紫外线－B（UV－B，280－320nm）辐射会导致水稻植株矮化4.71%-16.59%、叶面积变小、干物质生产量减少11.79%-60.57%。究其原因主要是叶片光合作用色素叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量的降低和叶绿素a荧光动力学参数的改变，光合系统Ⅱ受到破坏，光合作用能力下降、生长发育受阻。     

施用钢渣对土壤和水稻植株中硅、铁、锰的影响

盆栽试验结果表明:施用钢渣降低了土壤水溶态硅、DTPA-Fe、DTPA-Mn的含量,其效果随钢渣用量的增加而更为显著。但在钢渣用量一定时,却以中等粒度(60目)处理降低程度最大。施用钢渣还可以提高水稻植株体内硅的含量,降低水稻植株体内铁和锰的含量,其效果随钢渣用量增加或粒度变细而更为明显。     

空中核爆炸对水稻的损伤及其恢复

在空中核爆炸的情况下,光辐射是损毁水稻的主要因素,光辐射可使三叶期、分蘖期水稻的叶片烧损、株高降低,其损毁程度随着距爆心距离的加大而减弱,叶片受到烧损仍然存活的植株,爆后可迅速恢复生长,叶片数、株高在较短时间内即可达对照水平,分蘖能力也不受影响。收获时大部分受损水稻的穗长、穗粒数、千粒重、平均单株分蘖数、     

水稻籽粒库强与其淀粉积累之间关系的研究

本试验以源限制型水稻品种亚优2号、献改优63和汕优63为材料，研究籽粒发育过程中籽粒库强与其淀粉积累之间的关系。结果表明：（1）强、弱势粒淀粉积累与其胚乳细胞的数目密切相关，两者表现出明显的同步性；（2）强势粒蔗糖合成酶、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶和淀粉合成酶最大活性高峰出现时间显著早于弱势粒的出现时间，     

水稻发育温度效应的非线性模型及其应用

水稻完成某一生育期所需的有效积温常因环境而异，表明广泛应用的线性积温法需要修正。分析表明，日最低温度比日最高温度效应更显著，说明发育速率与温度间呈非线性关系。于是，本文提出了一个具有较好预测性的非线性温度效应模型。它较其他非线模型的优点在于其参数的生物学意义清晰。对积温的不稳定性，它解释为：有效积温     

水稻对紫外光B辐射增强的生化适应机制

水稻品种１Ｒ６８和Ｄｕｌａｒ生长在室外条件下,在以自然条件（６．０）,１３．０和１９．１ｋＪｍ＾－１ｄａｙ＾－１（分别模拟臭氧浓度下降２０％和４０％时的ＵＶ－Ｂ强度）的紫外光Ｂ（ＵＶ－Ｂ２８０～３２０ｎｍ）进行二周与四周的辐射处理,研究ＵＶ－Ｂ对水稻叶片内一些生化指标的影响,研究结果表明,ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射增强诱导了二个水稻品种对叶片内吸收ＵＶ的类黄酮化俣物的积累,同时使叶片内多胺的含量明显提高,然而,     

水稻镉积累与调控研究进展

镉通过水稻植株吸收进入食物链而危害人畜健康,水稻低镉累积研究已成为当今生态环境领域、水稻栽培与育种领域的重要课题。本文从水稻对镉的积累累积特性、镉的运转、稻田镉的控制及低镉低累积积累水稻品种的选育等方面,综述了镉在不同水稻品种类型、不同生育期及不同水稻器官间的积累累积规律,镉从土壤到籽粒的运转过程,主要控镉技术对水稻镉吸收的影响,以及低镉低累积积累水稻品种选育的研究进展。并从水稻镉代谢规律与遗传改良、土壤修复、良种良法等方面探讨水稻低镉低累积积累的研究方向。     

不同栽培模式下水稻各生育期光合生理指标的比较研究

为明确膜下滴灌与常规水作栽培的光合生理差异。通过对膜下滴灌和淹灌2种栽培模式下,4个水稻品系(T-04、T-43、T-66、T-69)在分蘖、孕穗、抽穗、乳熟、蜡熟期倒一叶的光合色素含量、光合-叶绿素荧光参数、抗氧化酶活性以及渗透调节物质含量等光合生理指标的测定分析。结果表明:滴灌模式下,4个参试材料在5个关键生育期的蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、光合速率(Pn)均低于淹灌,胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)总体上略低于淹灌,大部分时期差异不显著(P0.05);叶绿素荧光参数、光系统Ⅱ有效量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、最大荧光(Fm)、暗适应光系统Ⅱ最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)总体上低于淹灌,大部分时期差异不显著,最小荧光(Fo)高于淹灌,荧光淬灭系数(q P、NPQ)在2种栽培模式下差异不大,叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性总体上低于淹灌,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在2种栽培模式下差异不显著,丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)含量总体上高于淹灌,可溶性蛋白(SP)含量总体上低于淹灌,可溶性糖(SS)含量差异不显著。水稻膜下滴灌栽培整个生育期均无水层覆盖,可能受到水分胁迫,导致其整个生育期大部分光合生理指标均低于淹灌。