晚播对紫云英生长、养分积累和根际微生物的影响

大田条件下,依据水稻收获时间设置3个晚播播期(10月30日、11月10日和11月20日)。对不同播期处理下紫云英生长状况、鲜草产量、养分积累量以及根际微生物等影响进行研究。结果表明,播期显著影响紫云英的生长及物质养分积累。随着播期的推迟,紫云英的株高、密度、单株复叶数、单株鲜重、单株干重均呈下降趋势。鲜草产量随播期推迟显著降低,10月30日播种的鲜草产量最高,达19 006.35 kg/hm2。不同播期植株地上部C、N、P、K含量差异不显著,积累量则随播期的推迟而显著降低。播期显著影响紫云英根际土壤微生物量,根际土壤中的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量均随播期的推迟而显著减少。本试验条件下,11月10日以后播种的紫云英鲜草产量、养分积累量等指标均显著低于10月30日播种的处理。晚播紫云英播期控制在11月之前可获得较高的产草量和养分积累,取得较好的还田效果。     

转基因玉米双抗12-5对根际土壤酶活性及 微生物多样性的影响

采用田间试验研究了转基因玉米瑞丰1号-双抗-12-5(RF1-12-5)种植对根际土壤酶活性、微生物群落的影响,可为RF1-12-5的环境释放和商业化应用提供科学的安全性评价数据支持。研究结果表明:①在5个生育期内,RF1-12-5与其非转基因对照品种瑞丰1号(RF1)根际土壤碱性蛋白酶、脲酶和酸性转化酶活性均没有显著性差异;RF1-12-5根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性在收获期、碱性磷酸酶活性在乳熟期显著低于RF1,其他生育期差异不显著。②在5个生育期内,RF1-12-5与RF1根际土壤微生物群落的Shannon多样性指数、McIntosh均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数均不存在显著性差异,主成分分析未发现RF1-12-5与RF1根际微生物功能多样性存在规律性差异。     

模拟氮沉降下施石灰对休耕红壤优势植物根际土壤微生物群落的影响

氮沉降引起红壤酸化加剧和土壤生态系统功能退化。采用休耕植物自然演替恢复土壤生物多样性和生态系统功能;同时,针对氮沉降造成的土壤酸化,通过施石灰来调控土壤pH,以期加速土壤生态恢复进程。土壤微生物群落结构的改变能够指示土壤恢复措施的影响。为探究氮沉降背景下,石灰施用措施对休耕红壤生态功能的恢复效果,以高强度农作休耕地上最初出现的优势植物狗尾草(Setaria viridis(L.)Beauv)根际为研究对象,研究模拟氮沉降(0kg·hm~(–2)、45kg·hm~(–2)和90kg·hm~(–2))下施石灰(0 kg·hm~(–2)和110 kg·hm~(–2))对根际土壤微生物群落的影响。结果表明,模拟氮沉降降低了各类群微生物磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)量、革兰氏阴/阳性细菌比及香农多样性指数。在没有额外施氮的处理中,施石灰降低了各类群微生物PLFA量。而氮和石灰交互作用下,各类群微生物PLFA量均随氮沉降量增加而增加。结构方程模型显示,石灰对微生物群落的影响最为强烈;模拟氮沉降和施石灰通过综合影响土壤pH、养分有效性及植物—微生物养分竞争而改变微生物群落结构和多样性。总之,模拟氮沉降下施用石灰措施能够改善休耕红壤生境,降低因氮沉降造成的酸化对根际微生物群落的危害,加速土壤生态系统恢复。     

耕层土层交换对土壤氮素关键转化过程和玉米氮素利用的影响

翻耕会使耕层土壤发生显著位置交换。耕层土壤位置交换会通过影响土壤物理、化学和生物性状,改变氮素转化过程。本文研究了土层交换对黄淮海平原南端砂姜黑土硝化、反硝化过程和玉米生长及氮素利用的影响,为该区域选择合理的耕作方式、减少氮素损失及提高氮素利用效率提供理论依据。试验在人工气候室条件下,以土壤(0～35 cm)田间原位分层作为常规土层处理(CK),以原位0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层交换后作为土层交换处理(SE),并用20μm的尼龙网区分非根际和根际土壤。于玉米小喇叭口期利用荧光定量PCR技术测定土壤氨氧化微生物和反硝化菌群丰度,并结合非根际和根际土壤的硝化潜势、土壤呼吸、反硝化能力、反硝化潜势、土壤理化性质和玉米总氮含量及根系形态的测定,探讨土层交换对土壤氮素转化和玉米生长及氮素利用的影响。结果显示,SE处理的玉米植株氮吸收量比CK处理显著降低8.9%(P0.05)。土层交换显著影响根际而不是非根际土壤的硝化潜势,使其显著降低13.5%(P0.05);并使非根际和根际土壤的反硝化能力分别提高36.6%(P0.05)和8.4%(P0.05)。土层交换使非根际和根际土壤的可溶性有机碳含量分别提高11.7%(P0.05)和5.2%。相关分析显示硝化潜势与氨氧化细菌(AOB)丰度呈显著正相关(r=0.91**),与氨氧化古菌(AOA)丰度无显著相关关系;反硝化能力与土壤可溶性有机碳和呼吸速率呈显著正相关(r=0.89**和0.93**),与nirK、nirS拷贝数无显著相关性;玉米植株氮吸收量与根际土壤的硝化潜势、根表面积×AOB拷贝数都呈显著正相关(r=0.83*和0.86*),而与反硝化能力呈显著负相关(r=?0.88**)。以上结果表明砂姜黑土土壤硝化速率的降低和反硝化速率的增强,是土层交换后玉米氮素利用效率低的重要原因。AOB是硝化速率的主要驱动微生物。土层交换后土壤可溶性有机碳是反硝化能力的关键主导因子。在翻耕条件下,有效调节土壤可溶性有机碳含量是提高作物氮肥利用效率的关键。     

退化高寒草甸优势植物根际与非根际土壤养分及微生物量的分布特征

根际是一类特殊的微生态系统,对研究土壤与植物群落间的相互作用具有重要意义。本研究旨在探讨高寒草甸退化过程中根际与非根际土壤的养分和微生物量分布特征,以及优势植物根际养分富集的相关性和差异性。结果表明：不同退化程度条件下,根际土壤中微生物量碳、氮、磷和养分含量显著高于非根际土壤（P<0.05）,且随退化程度加剧呈逐渐下降趋势;随高寒草甸退化程度的加剧,根际微生物量的碳、氮、磷和养分均出现富集效应,其富集率表现为重度退化草地 > 中度退化草地 > 轻度退化草地 > 未退化草地;由相关分析可知,根际与非根际土壤中微生物量碳和微生物量氮与全磷、全氮和有机碳之间均呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）。综上所述,草地退化过程中土壤的有效养分和微生物量在植物根际存在富集和活化现象,这对于人们进一步认识和调控根际的养分循环具有重要意义。     

Assessment of microbial activity and bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere of a copper accumulator and a non-accumulator

Soil microorganisms may play an important role in the uptake of heavy metals from soils. However, assessments of bacterial activity and community composition in the rhizosphere of accumulators have been largely ignored. We studied potential effects of a copper (Cu)-accumulator, Elsholtzia splendens, and a non-Cu-accumulator plant, Trifolium repens, on soil microbial activity and community composition with increasing Cu addition. The results showed that concentrations of Cu in the shoots of E. splendens were 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4 times those of T. repens under the treatment of different Cu concentrations. Soil microbial biomass and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of E. splendens were higher than those of T.repens. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) fingerprint analysis revealed that addition of Cu decreased the number of bands in bare soil and soil with T. repens. However, there was a significant increase in the number of bands in soil with E. splendens incorporated with either 200 or 500 mg kg⁻¹ Cu. The abundances of five phylogenetic groups related most closely to -, β-, γ-proteobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and CFB group, respectively, were determined in the rhizosphere of plants. Some specific clone such as E13 (metal-contaminated soil clone K20-64) was found in the rhizosphere of E. splendens. Results indicated that E. splendens, as a Cu-accumulator, played an important role in governing soil microbial activity and bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere in response to Cu stress.     

棉花根际营养滴灌技术研究初报

研究了棉花根际营养滴灌不同方式和施肥技术。结果表明,与漫灌相比,根际营养滴灌能改善棉田土壤结构和通透性,节水省肥,棉花根系发达,耗水系数低,水分生产效率高,高产高效。土壤容重降低0．1～0．14g／cm3,水分生产效率提高41．2％～52.9％,节水56％,皮棉增产2．3％。75％施肥量根际营养滴灌比全额施肥等量水漫灌增产皮棉14．5％,水分生产效率提高13．6％。     

Microsensor analysis of oxygen and pH in the rice rhizosphere under field and laboratory conditions

 O₂ and pH microsensors were used to analyse the microdistribution of O₂ and pH inside and outside roots of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). The roots of 3-week-old transplants had O₂ concentrations of about 20% air saturation at the surface, but due to a high rate of O₂ consumption in the rhizosphere, the oxic region only extended about 0.4 mm into the surrounding soil. Also the fine lateral roots created an oxic zone extending about 0.15 mm into the soil. The O₂ concentration within the roots approached air saturation close to the base, but only about 40–60% of air saturation in a region about 8 cm below the base where lateral rootlets were present. A shift from air to N₂ around the leaves led to a drop of 50% in the O₂ concentration after 12 min at a distance of 8.5 cm from the base. Flowering plants did not export O₂ to the soil from the majority of their roots, but high microbial activity was present in a very thin biofilm covering the root surface. A brown colour around the thin lateral roots indicated some O₂ export from these also during flowering. No oxidized zone was present around the roots at later stages of crop growth. The roots caused only minor minima in pH (<0.2 pH units) in the rhizosphere as compared to the bulk soil. Illumination of the plants had no effect on rhizosphere pH. Received: 28 April 1998     

茶树根际土壤抗酸铝微生物的分离与初步鉴定

将茶树根际土壤微生物提取液接种到含铝5 ～20 mmol/L的培养基上培养并分离获得抗酸铝真菌ALF 1 。该真菌具有抗酸铝能力, 能在含铝20 mmol/L的培养基上正常生长, 并降低培养基铝浓度且使苏木精褪色。经鉴定, ALF 1 真菌为链孢霉属的1 种( Neurosporasp.) 。