Within and between-field spatial variation in soil phosphorus in permanent grassland

Soil phosphorus (P) concentrations above certain critical thresholds are a problem in many areas leading to its transport into surface and ground waters. Site-specific nutrient applications and the development of nutrient management plans for farms would help to optimize nutrient applications, meet crop requirements and take into consideration current soil nutrient status. In Northern Ireland, high concentrations of soil P are common, whereas low concentrations of soil potassium (K) and sulphur (S) have been reported in many silage fields. This study used grid and transect soil sampling to measure within- and between-field spatial variation in soil Olsen-P status across a 50-ha permanent grassland site used for silage production. Soil phosphorus indices ranged from Index 1 to Index 4 within single fields. The spatial patterns of soil P across fields suggested that there was scope for site-specific P fertilizer applications, with variable quantities of P being applied to different fields and within individual fields. Site-specific nutrient management has the potential to reduce excess P applications in some areas and avoid deficiencies in others, thereby minimizing environmental problems and optimizing yield.     

铅和镉暴露后蛋鸡组织中铅和镉的残留规律

[目的]探讨铅和镉联合暴露后蛋鸡各组织器官中铅和镉的残留规律。[方法]将120只40周龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡随机分为4组,对照组饮用纯净水,Cd暴露组在饮水中添加50 mg/L Cd,Pb暴露组在饮水中添加100 mg/L Pb,Pb+Cd暴露组在饮水中添加100 mg/L Pb和50 mg/L Cd,探讨蛋鸡各组织器官中铅和镉的残留规律。[结果]与Cd暴露组相比,Pb+Cd暴露组除肾脏外各组织中的镉含量均有升高,但差异不显著(P0.05);Cd暴露组肾脏中镉含量显著高于Pb+Cd暴露组。与Pb暴露组相比,Pb+Cd暴露组胸肌和肾脏中铅含量显著降低(P0.05),而腿肌、心脏、脾脏中铅含量显著升高(P0.05),肝脏和肌胃中铅含量则基本相当。与对照组相比,Pb暴露组各组织中的镉含量显著升高(P0.05),而Cd暴露组蛋鸡各组织中铅含量差异不显著。[结论]铅和镉在家禽体内沉积存在复杂的交互作用。该研究可为促进禽产品质量安全提供理论基础。     

旱地土壤中残留肥料氮的动向及作物有效性

氮素是作物生长最重要的必需元素之一。合理施用氮肥能促进作物生长并提高产量,但是,过多施用氮肥则抑制作物生长并导致大量的肥料氮残留在土壤中,这部分氮素不但会引起土壤养分不平衡,而且为生态环境带来潜在威胁,因此,研究残留氮的动向及作物有效性可为合理施用化肥氮、高效利用土壤残留氮素和减少残留氮素的损失提供依据。应用~(15)N示踪技术,通过4年定位试验,研究了黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦/夏玉米轮作过程中土壤残留肥料氮的变化及作物吸收利用。在冬小麦和夏玉米轮作的第一个周期,为了制造高肥料氮残留背景,于冬小麦播种前向微区施入240 kg hm~(-2)的~(15)N标记氮素;在夏玉米拔节期,为了研究氮肥施入对残留肥料氮的影响,设置0和120 kg hm~(-2)两个氮水平,以普通尿素施入微区。在第2至第4个轮作周期内,为了分析残留肥料氮的动向及其对作物的有效性,微区内不施任何肥料。结果发现,冬小麦播种前施用的~(15)N标记氮肥于收获期在0~200 cm土壤剖面中均有残留,但大部分累积在0~40 cm土层中,累积总量达到200.9 kg hm~(-2),占当季施入量的83.7%。在随后的夏玉米生长季残留的肥料氮迅速减少,之后随生长季的后移缓慢减少,然后保持相对稳定。经过4年的冬小麦/夏玉米轮作,0~300 cm土壤剖面仍残留大量的~(15)N肥料,后季不追施氮肥和追施氮肥处理的残留量分别为47.1 kg hm~(-2)和54.0 kg hm~(-2)。可见,有一部分肥料氮被固定在土壤有机质中。作物对残留氮的回收量逐年减少,且因后季追施氮肥与否而异,4年中作物对肥料氮的总利用率不追施氮肥和追施氮肥处理的分别为46.9%和50.4%,其中在第1个轮作周期中,小麦和玉米的总利用率分别41.6%和42.0%,后3年利用率分别仅有5.3%和8.4%;4年中残留~(15)N的损失率分别达38.1%和29.7%,其损失主要发生在第1个轮作周期的夏玉米生长季节。说明,在旱地土壤上,氮肥的残留是不可避免的,残留肥料氮的有效性较低,只有少量被作物逐年吸收,一部分以有机形态残留在土壤剖面中,另一部分发生了无效损失。后季追施氮肥可促进作物对土壤残留肥料氮的吸收且增加肥料氮在土壤中的保留,减少残留肥料氮的无效损失,但是以自身的大量损失为代价的。     

Landscape-scale disturbance and boreal forest birds: Can large single-pass harvest approximate fires?

Boreal forest birds have adapted to changes caused by natural disturbances such as fire and this adaptation forms the basis for the Natural Disturbance Paradigm (NDP) underlying recent proposed changes in forest harvesting practices in western Canada. To date, this paradigm has been evaluated primarily at the stand level and within conventional harvesting systems. The potential for improvements in avian conservation at the landscape scale by adopting the NDP approach is largely unknown. We examined the effects of landscape-scale disturbances on forest bird communities by contrasting richness and abundance of birds in (1) 16 single-pass harvest sites with residual forest patches, (2) 29 multi-pass harvest sites with residuals; and (3) 15 salvage-logged post-fire sites with variable harvest intensity. We contrasted bird communities in these treatments with those in unsalvaged post-fire sites of similar age. Post-fire sites were used to provide a metric of the Natural Range of Variation (NRV) to be expected in bird communities. Sites were surveyed for avian community composition and abundance 1–5 years post-disturbance. Redundancy analysis indicated that bird communities differed from the NRV in all of the harvest treatments. However, single-pass harvests provided a somewhat better fit to NRV than did multi-pass harvesting. Avian community similarity was influenced by non-linear responses to area harvested, amount of residual retention, residual composition and pre-disturbance forest composition. An optimization routine created from a General Linear Model, suggests that community similarity to NRV can be maximized by using single-pass harvests over multi-pass harvests, harvesting 66–88% of the timber in the planning unit, and retaining 5–19% of the disturbance area as live residual patches, with 50% of harvests having at least 9% of the area in residuals.     

水稻第6染色体短臂产量性状QTL簇的分解

【目的】将水稻第6染色体短臂上产量性状QTL分解到更小的区间中。【方法】从珍汕97B/密阳46重组自交系群体筛选到针对第6染色体短臂RM587-RM19784区间的剩余杂合体,衍生了一个由221个株系组成的F2:3群体,种植于海南和浙江两地,考察每株穗数、每穗实粒数、每穗总粒数、千粒重、结实率和单株产量,建立SSR标记连锁图,应用Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5检测QTL。【结果】在所分析的6个性状中,除穗数外在第6染色体短臂上的目标区间均检测到QTL,分别座落于目标区域中3个以上的不同区间中,单个QTL对群体性状表型变异的贡献率为6.3%～35.2%;控制产量构成因子的QTL基本以加性作用为主,但3个单株产量QTL的显性度分别为1.65、0.84和0.42。【结论】目标区间存在3个以上的产量性状QTL,且同一区间控制不同性状的QTL、不同区间控制同一个性状的QTL在遗传作用模式、效应方向和效应大小上存在一定差异。     

阿克苏地区农田残膜回收工作探讨

本文总结了阿克苏地区治理"白色污染"的工作现状及工作中还存在的问题,提出了今后的工作思路。     

黄土高原旱地夏季休闲期~(15)N标记硝态氮的去向

夏季休闲是黄土高原旱地小麦常见的蓄纳雨水、恢复地力的措施。随着氮肥用量的增加,一季小麦收获后,旱地土壤剖面累积的硝态氮量不断增加,休闲期间降雨量高,残留硝态氮的去向是值得研究的问题。利用~(15)N标记法研究小麦收获后残留肥料氮在黄土高原旱地(陕西长武)夏季休闲期间的去向,即小麦收获后在微区土壤表层(0~15 cm)施入~(15)N标记的硝态氮肥(30 kg hm~(-2)(以纯氮计),约相当于当地小麦一季作物收获后土壤残留肥料氮量),休闲结束后,采集0~200 cm土壤样品,测定了土壤全氮、硝态氮含量及其~(15)N丰度。结果表明,小麦收获(即休闲开始)时0~200 cm土壤剖面硝态氮累积量在205~268 kg hm-2之间(平均244 kg hm~(-2)),累积量较高。夏季休闲期间降水量为157 mm,属欠水年,但休闲结束后,~(15)N标记肥料氮向下迁移已达80 cm土层,下移深度在45~65cm之间,说明,旱地休闲期间硝态氮的淋溶作用不可忽视。夏季休闲结束后,加入的~(15)N标记肥料氮平均损失率为28%,损失机理值得进一步研究。     

The influence of partial timber harvesting in riparian buffers on macroinvertebrate and fish communities in small streams in Minnesota,USA

Relatively few evaluations of aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish communities have been published in peer-reviewed literature detailing the effect of varying residual basal area (RBA) after timber harvesting in riparian buffers. Our analysis investigated the effects of partial harvesting within riparian buffers on aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish communities in small streams from two experiments in northern Minnesota northern hardwood-aspen forests. Each experiment evaluated partial harvesting within riparian buffers. In both experiments, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish were collected 1 year prior to harvest and in each of 3 years after harvest. We observed interannual variation for the macroinvertebrate abundance, diversity and taxon richness in the single-basin study and abundance and diversity in the multiple-basin study, but few effects related to harvest treatments in either study. However, interannual variation was not evident in the fish communities and we detected no significant changes in the stream fish communities associated with partially harvested riparian buffers in either study. This would suggest that timber harvesting in riparian management zones along reaches ≤200 m in length on both sides of the stream that retains RBA ≥ 12.4 ± 1.3 m² ha⁻¹ or on a single side of the stream that retains RBA ≥ 8.7 ± 1.6 m² ha⁻¹ may be adequate to protect macroinvertebrate and fish communities in our Minnesota study systems given these specific timber harvesting techniques.     

动物营养与遗传育种学一体化研究的新方向（RFI）

以进食净效应（Residual〈net〉feef intake,RFI）为核心概念指标,进行动物营养学和遗传育种学一体化研究,正在国外少数发达国家的畜牧科学界深入推行,取得了多畜种研究应用的独特成果,将不同学科交叉研究推向了畜牧科学的前沿领域。2007年联合国粮农组织（FAO）动物遗传资源委员会专家团建议各国要研究采用RFI,以此为基础的选择方案可以提高畜群的内在效率,对所有物种和所有生产系统都是一个重要标准。可以获得采食较少的动物,但又不牺牲生长强度和生产性能。本文对近年这方面的研究作了评述,提出了开展这一领域研究的难点,展望这方面研究对动物营养学和遗传育种学基本理论的某些方面可能形成的挑战。     

敌敌畏、溴氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯在香蕉上的残留动态

采用气相色谱法及田间试验方法,研究敌敌畏、溴氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯在香蕉上的残留动态。结果表明,在香蕉上的原始沉积量,敌敌畏>溴氰菊酯>三氟氯氰菊酯,同一农药的原始沉积量与施用量密切相关。敌敌畏在香蕉上消解迅速,在施药1 d后消解率均在80%以上,施药后3 d的残留量≤0.005 mg/kg。溴氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯在香蕉上的残留消解动态符合一级动力学方程,溴氰菊酯推荐剂量为C=0.129 8×e-0.1201t,加倍剂量为C=0.248 9×e-0.114 5t,半衰期(T1/2)为5.8～6.1 d,消解99%所需要时间(T0.99)为38.4～40.3 d;三氟氯氰菊酯推荐剂量为C=0.033 9×e-0.070 0t,加倍剂量为C=0.070 7×e-0.069 5t,T1/2为9.9～10.0 d,T0.99为65.8～66.3 d。敌敌畏、溴氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯在距第2次(末次)施药后60～70 d,香蕉产品的最终残留量均分别<0.005 mg/kg、<0.01 mg/kg、<0.008 mg/kg。