基于Mask R-CNN的玉米苗与株芯检测方法

【目的】研究基于改进Mask R-CNN的玉米苗冠层分割算法,满足精准作业中对靶施肥的识别要求,提高化肥的使用效率,减少环境污染。【方法】采集田间玉米苗图片并增强数据,生成田间数据集;使用ResNeXt50/101-FPN作为特征提取网络对分割算法进行训练,并与原始ResNet50/101-FPN的训练精度结果作对比;采用不同光照强度及有伴生杂草的玉米苗图片对比验证冠层识别算法效果。【结果】在不同光照强度下,无伴生杂草的目标平均识别精度高于95.5%,分割精度达98.1%;在有伴生杂草与玉米苗有交叉重合情况下,目标平均识别精度高于94.7%,分割精度达97.9%。检测一帧图像的平均时间为0.11 s。【结论】Mask R-CNN的玉米苗及株芯检测算法有更高的准确率和分割精度,更能适应不同光照强度及有伴生杂草的苗草交叉重合情况的目标检测。     

The influence of partial timber harvesting in riparian buffers on macroinvertebrate and fish communities in small streams in Minnesota,USA

Relatively few evaluations of aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish communities have been published in peer-reviewed literature detailing the effect of varying residual basal area (RBA) after timber harvesting in riparian buffers. Our analysis investigated the effects of partial harvesting within riparian buffers on aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish communities in small streams from two experiments in northern Minnesota northern hardwood-aspen forests. Each experiment evaluated partial harvesting within riparian buffers. In both experiments, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish were collected 1 year prior to harvest and in each of 3 years after harvest. We observed interannual variation for the macroinvertebrate abundance, diversity and taxon richness in the single-basin study and abundance and diversity in the multiple-basin study, but few effects related to harvest treatments in either study. However, interannual variation was not evident in the fish communities and we detected no significant changes in the stream fish communities associated with partially harvested riparian buffers in either study. This would suggest that timber harvesting in riparian management zones along reaches ≤200 m in length on both sides of the stream that retains RBA ≥ 12.4 ± 1.3 m² ha⁻¹ or on a single side of the stream that retains RBA ≥ 8.7 ± 1.6 m² ha⁻¹ may be adequate to protect macroinvertebrate and fish communities in our Minnesota study systems given these specific timber harvesting techniques.     

铅和镉暴露后蛋鸡组织中铅和镉的残留规律

[目的]探讨铅和镉联合暴露后蛋鸡各组织器官中铅和镉的残留规律。[方法]将120只40周龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡随机分为4组,对照组饮用纯净水,Cd暴露组在饮水中添加50 mg/L Cd,Pb暴露组在饮水中添加100 mg/L Pb,Pb+Cd暴露组在饮水中添加100 mg/L Pb和50 mg/L Cd,探讨蛋鸡各组织器官中铅和镉的残留规律。[结果]与Cd暴露组相比,Pb+Cd暴露组除肾脏外各组织中的镉含量均有升高,但差异不显著(P0.05);Cd暴露组肾脏中镉含量显著高于Pb+Cd暴露组。与Pb暴露组相比,Pb+Cd暴露组胸肌和肾脏中铅含量显著降低(P0.05),而腿肌、心脏、脾脏中铅含量显著升高(P0.05),肝脏和肌胃中铅含量则基本相当。与对照组相比,Pb暴露组各组织中的镉含量显著升高(P0.05),而Cd暴露组蛋鸡各组织中铅含量差异不显著。[结论]铅和镉在家禽体内沉积存在复杂的交互作用。该研究可为促进禽产品质量安全提供理论基础。     

Relaxation mechanism of residual stress inside logs by heat treatment: choosing the heating time and temperature

 Some methods to reduce residual stress inside logs have been reported, although the conditions for stress relaxation are not yet clarified. Our study using precise experiments revealed that residual stress relaxation occurs only when both heat and moisture exist inside the logs. We then determined the heating time and temperature required to relax the residual stress inside the logs. Short air-drying treatments did not relax residual stress even though free water in the logs was greatly reduced. The residual stress of the 33-h 80°C-heated bolts was relaxed, whereas that of the 48-h 70°C-heated bolts was not. As for the influence of treatment time, bolts heated at 100°C were relaxed after 18 h of treatment. The 13-h heated bolts did not show any relaxation. Therefore, residual stress relaxation occurred rapidly owing to the thermomechanical change of the individual wood components comprising the cell wall. The moisture content inside all the bolts was much higher than the fiber saturation point. This is because relaxation occurs only when the heating temperature is maintained above 80°C for a particular duration of treatment. Received: December 12, 2001 / Accepted: February 18, 2002 Present address: Institute for Structural and Engineering Materials, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences and Technology, Independent Administrative Institution, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan Tel. +81-52-736-7320; Fax +81-52-736-7419 e-mail: m.nogi@aist.go.jp Part of this report was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000 Correspondence to:M. Nogi     

Characterization of lignin-carbohydrate linkages in the residual lignins isolated from chemical pulps of spruce (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea abies</Emphasis>) and beech wood (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagus sylvatica</Emphasis>)

To investigate the linkage types between carbohydrates and lignin, residual lignins were isolated from three different unbleached pulps [kraft, alkaline sulfite anthraquinone methanol (ASAM), and soda with anthraquinone (AQ) and methanol] of spruce and beech wood and then characterized by oxidation with 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone and followed by Prehm’s methylation. In residual lignins, sugar moieties were bound to lignins via benzyl ether bonds. In particular, galactose and mannose are predominantly linked to lignin fragments in residual lignins of spruce wood, while xylose and galactose are favored in the formation of LC bonds in the residual lignins of beech wood. In the case of hexoses, primary hydroxyl groups (C6 position) preferentially take part in benzyl ether linkages. Hydroxyl groups in the C2 and C3 positions of xylose participate in LC bonds and a small portion of arabinose was notably connected to lignin via the C5 position. Approximately seven or eight sugars were connected in soda/AQ/methanol residual lignin per 100 C9 lignin units, while the frequencies of LC bonds in kraft and ASAM residual lignins were distinctively less at one to three sugars per 100 C9 lignin units. The publication of this article was made possible by an Emachu Research Fund. The authors are grateful for the fund.     

河南省林业企业全要素生产率的测定

河南省林业企业主要分布于第一产业、第二产业,利用生产函数和索洛增长速度方程法来测算科技对林业企业贡献大小。经测算,河南省林业企业2000-2004年平均全要素生产率为11.74%。科技对河南省林业企业发展贡献较低。     

晋西黄土残塬沟壑区刺槐人工林土壤水分植被承载力研究

为明确在干旱缺水地区,植被对深层土壤水分的过度消耗以及水资源的承载能力,在晋西黄土残塬沟壑区选取林分密度1 300株/hm~2的刺槐人工林为研究对象,以裸地为对照,利用Enviro-SMART土壤水分监测系统(FDR)和热扩散探针(TDP)技术对当地刺槐人工林地0—150 cm范围内各土层体积含水量与树干液流量进行长期连续定位观测,采用土壤有效水与单株刺槐耗水量的比值来衡量研究区刺槐人工林土壤水分植被承载力。结果表明:(1)月降水量和月土壤储水量是决定刺槐人工林土壤水分植被承载力的主要环境因子,且二者与土壤水分植被承载力之间均呈现显著的正比例关系(P0.05)。(2)根据构建的刺槐人工林土壤水分植被承载力模型,计算出当地林龄为19年的刺槐人工林0—150 cm土层深度的土壤水分植被承载力为1 224株/hm~2,稍小于研究区实际林分密度(1 300株/hm~2),为保证当地刺槐人工林分耗水深度控制在0—150 cm土层范围内,同时也为促进当地林分生产力处于最优水平,建议在今后的营林造林过程中将刺槐人工林密度控制在当地土壤水分植被承载力范围之内,在减少林地深层水分消耗、调整林地土壤水资源平衡的同时,促进当地林业产业的合理发展。     

孔雀石绿等染料物质残留检测过程中实验室污染的来源分析

为了分析孔雀石绿等残留检测过程中实验室污染的来源,本研究应用超高效液相-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定了常用实验室用品中孔雀石绿、无色孔雀石绿、结晶紫、无色结晶紫、亚甲基蓝的含量.纸样品用乙腈直接提取;笔样品采用书写痕迹后再用乙腈提取,UPLC-MS/MS定量测定.结果表明:在纸样品中,除了实验滤纸外,其它纸样品(如A4打印纸、报纸、标签纸等)均含有一定水平的目标物;笔样品中,除了铅笔2H、中性笔135012蓝、中性笔2180蓝色外,其它笔样品(如圆珠笔、记号笔、签字笔、水笔等)含有一定水平的目标物.为了降低实验室目标物污染风险,本文还对样品处理前和处理中的各个环节需要注意的问题做了较为详细的分析.本研究结果将有利于建立有效预防体系从而尽量避免样品在该类物质残留检测中的实验室本底污染和假阳性结果.     

玉米芯水解残渣木质素的热解特性实验

采用改进的酶解/温和酸解木质素(EMAL)法,从玉米芯水解残渣中提取出残渣木质素。借助热重分析仪对残渣木质素的热解过程进行了分析, 结果表明,残渣木质素的热裂解主要发生在200～500℃,在270℃和400℃出现2个明显的热解峰;残渣木质素在主要热解区间遵循二级反应模型。借助傅里叶红外变换仪对残渣木质素的主要官能团进行了研究,结果表明木质素的主要官能团在分离过程中未被破坏。残渣木质素及其热解焦炭的扫描电镜结果表明,木质素分子为多边形贝壳状结构,热解过程中发生了脆性和塑性变形,且随着热解终温的升高,热解焦表面形态趋于有序化。     

稻-稻-油种植制硫肥效应及硫素平衡研究

研究了稻-稻-油种植制硫肥效应及土壤硫素平衡,结果表明:不同硫肥品种在水稻上的增产效应以硫酸钾最好,硫磺次之;在油菜上以石膏最好,硫磺次之。硫素当季利用率早稻为7 5%,晚稻为10.9%,油菜为29 6%。在不施硫条件下,土壤硫素表现亏缺;在施低量硫条件下(每季作物施硫15kg/hm2)基本上可以保持土壤硫素的平衡;在施中、高量硫条件下,土壤硫素均有不同程度盈余。施用硫肥具有明显的后效,连续两年施用硫肥后,可以隔年或隔季不施。