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61.
Abstract

Two digestion procedures, employing aqua regia‐HF (ARHF) and HNO3‐HCIO4‐HF (HHH), were used to analyze residual metals (following a chemical fractionation scheme) and total metal content of two soils, one moderately polluted by municipal sludge applications and the other a grossly‐contaminated sample (20.8% Pb) from a battery recycling site. Although commonly used in sequential extraction analyses, the ARHF method solubilized only 53% (significant at p = 0.05) of the HHH‐determined residual Pb in the battery soil. For the sludge‐amended soil, residual Cd, Pb, and Zn were not statistically different by the two methods. For the battery soil, a single ARHF extraction also underestimated total Pb and Cu relative to HHH, but both methods gave statistically‐similar total Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn for the sludge‐amended soil. As the sample metal concentration increased, the ability of ARHF to solubilize HHH‐equivalent metal quantities generally decreased. Since the degree of contamination is often unknown for environmental samples, the HHH method is more reliable for assessing residual and total metals in polluted soils  相似文献   
62.
Field experiments were made on a sandy clay loam Fluvent to determine direct effects of NPK applied to wheat and their residual effects on succeeding rice at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. A significant response of wheat was recorded only for nitrogen which when applied at 120 kg N ha?1 or more had also significant but only little residual effects on succeeding rice. Adequate ? fertilization of both wheat and rice is necessary. Application of ? and ? had no significant on wheat or succeeding rice but NPK application produced the highest grain yield. Wheat‐rice rotation removed 286.4 to 424.4kg ha?1 of NPK, which is much more than the rates applied. Thus for sustaining good yields from the wheat‐rice cropping system balanced NPK fertilization is recommended.  相似文献   
63.
 Some methods to reduce residual stress inside logs have been reported, although the conditions for stress relaxation are not yet clarified. Our study using precise experiments revealed that residual stress relaxation occurs only when both heat and moisture exist inside the logs. We then determined the heating time and temperature required to relax the residual stress inside the logs. Short air-drying treatments did not relax residual stress even though free water in the logs was greatly reduced. The residual stress of the 33-h 80°C-heated bolts was relaxed, whereas that of the 48-h 70°C-heated bolts was not. As for the influence of treatment time, bolts heated at 100°C were relaxed after 18 h of treatment. The 13-h heated bolts did not show any relaxation. Therefore, residual stress relaxation occurred rapidly owing to the thermomechanical change of the individual wood components comprising the cell wall. The moisture content inside all the bolts was much higher than the fiber saturation point. This is because relaxation occurs only when the heating temperature is maintained above 80°C for a particular duration of treatment. Received: December 12, 2001 / Accepted: February 18, 2002 Present address: Institute for Structural and Engineering Materials, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences and Technology, Independent Administrative Institution, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan Tel. +81-52-736-7320; Fax +81-52-736-7419 e-mail: m.nogi@aist.go.jp Part of this report was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000 Correspondence to:M. Nogi  相似文献   
64.
To investigate the linkage types between carbohydrates and lignin, residual lignins were isolated from three different unbleached pulps [kraft, alkaline sulfite anthraquinone methanol (ASAM), and soda with anthraquinone (AQ) and methanol] of spruce and beech wood and then characterized by oxidation with 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone and followed by Prehm’s methylation. In residual lignins, sugar moieties were bound to lignins via benzyl ether bonds. In particular, galactose and mannose are predominantly linked to lignin fragments in residual lignins of spruce wood, while xylose and galactose are favored in the formation of LC bonds in the residual lignins of beech wood. In the case of hexoses, primary hydroxyl groups (C6 position) preferentially take part in benzyl ether linkages. Hydroxyl groups in the C2 and C3 positions of xylose participate in LC bonds and a small portion of arabinose was notably connected to lignin via the C5 position. Approximately seven or eight sugars were connected in soda/AQ/methanol residual lignin per 100 C9 lignin units, while the frequencies of LC bonds in kraft and ASAM residual lignins were distinctively less at one to three sugars per 100 C9 lignin units. The publication of this article was made possible by an Emachu Research Fund. The authors are grateful for the fund.  相似文献   
65.
河南省林业企业全要素生产率的测定   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
河南省林业企业主要分布于第一产业、第二产业,利用生产函数和索洛增长速度方程法来测算科技对林业企业贡献大小。经测算,河南省林业企业2000-2004年平均全要素生产率为11.74%。科技对河南省林业企业发展贡献较低。  相似文献   
66.
以书香小油菜的毒死蜱残留量为调查对象,研究不同浓度的油菜素内酯降低油菜毒死蜱残留的作用,并采用气相色谱方法检测油菜中毒死蜱的含量。结果表明,油菜素内酯降低毒死蜱残留的最佳浓度是将其稀释1 000倍。  相似文献   
67.
为了分析孔雀石绿等残留检测过程中实验室污染的来源,本研究应用超高效液相-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定了常用实验室用品中孔雀石绿、无色孔雀石绿、结晶紫、无色结晶紫、亚甲基蓝的含量.纸样品用乙腈直接提取;笔样品采用书写痕迹后再用乙腈提取,UPLC-MS/MS定量测定.结果表明:在纸样品中,除了实验滤纸外,其它纸样品(如A4打印纸、报纸、标签纸等)均含有一定水平的目标物;笔样品中,除了铅笔2H、中性笔135012蓝、中性笔2180蓝色外,其它笔样品(如圆珠笔、记号笔、签字笔、水笔等)含有一定水平的目标物.为了降低实验室目标物污染风险,本文还对样品处理前和处理中的各个环节需要注意的问题做了较为详细的分析.本研究结果将有利于建立有效预防体系从而尽量避免样品在该类物质残留检测中的实验室本底污染和假阳性结果.  相似文献   
68.
晋西黄土残塬沟壑区刺槐人工林土壤水分植被承载力研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为明确在干旱缺水地区,植被对深层土壤水分的过度消耗以及水资源的承载能力,在晋西黄土残塬沟壑区选取林分密度1 300株/hm~2的刺槐人工林为研究对象,以裸地为对照,利用Enviro-SMART土壤水分监测系统(FDR)和热扩散探针(TDP)技术对当地刺槐人工林地0—150 cm范围内各土层体积含水量与树干液流量进行长期连续定位观测,采用土壤有效水与单株刺槐耗水量的比值来衡量研究区刺槐人工林土壤水分植被承载力。结果表明:(1)月降水量和月土壤储水量是决定刺槐人工林土壤水分植被承载力的主要环境因子,且二者与土壤水分植被承载力之间均呈现显著的正比例关系(P0.05)。(2)根据构建的刺槐人工林土壤水分植被承载力模型,计算出当地林龄为19年的刺槐人工林0—150 cm土层深度的土壤水分植被承载力为1 224株/hm~2,稍小于研究区实际林分密度(1 300株/hm~2),为保证当地刺槐人工林分耗水深度控制在0—150 cm土层范围内,同时也为促进当地林分生产力处于最优水平,建议在今后的营林造林过程中将刺槐人工林密度控制在当地土壤水分植被承载力范围之内,在减少林地深层水分消耗、调整林地土壤水资源平衡的同时,促进当地林业产业的合理发展。  相似文献   
69.
玉米芯水解残渣木质素的热解特性实验   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
采用改进的酶解/温和酸解木质素(EMAL)法,从玉米芯水解残渣中提取出残渣木质素。借助热重分析仪对残渣木质素的热解过程进行了分析, 结果表明,残渣木质素的热裂解主要发生在200~500℃,在270℃和400℃出现2个明显的热解峰;残渣木质素在主要热解区间遵循二级反应模型。借助傅里叶红外变换仪对残渣木质素的主要官能团进行了研究,结果表明木质素的主要官能团在分离过程中未被破坏。残渣木质素及其热解焦炭的扫描电镜结果表明,木质素分子为多边形贝壳状结构,热解过程中发生了脆性和塑性变形,且随着热解终温的升高,热解焦表面形态趋于有序化。  相似文献   
70.
To develop a new nonchlorine bleaching technology, hardwood and softwood kraft pulps, before and after oxygen-alkali predelignification, were treated with dilute sulfuric acid solutions (pH 1.0-1.8) at 100°C for 1 h and then extracted with aqueous sodium hydroxide at 70°C for l h. Hardwood kraft pulp was successfully bleached. The delignification selectivity was similar to that seen with oxygen-alkali bleaching; and it was greatly enhanced by the addition of sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite. The sulfuric acid bleaching can replace the presently adopted oxygen and chlorine stages if the additives are allowed. This bleaching process was also effective for oxygen-bleached hardwood kraft pulp, but it was less effective for softwood kraft pulp and oxygen-bleached softwood kraft pulp. The effectiveness of the addition of sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite was more apparent for softwood kraft pulp than for hardwood kraft pulp.Part of this report was presented at the 7th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Beijing, July 1993  相似文献   
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