Comparative evaluation of residual and total metal analyses in polluted soils

Abstract

Two digestion procedures, employing aqua regia‐HF (ARHF) and HNO₃‐HCIO4‐HF (HHH), were used to analyze residual metals (following a chemical fractionation scheme) and total metal content of two soils, one moderately polluted by municipal sludge applications and the other a grossly‐contaminated sample (20.8% Pb) from a battery recycling site. Although commonly used in sequential extraction analyses, the ARHF method solubilized only 53% (significant at p = 0.05) of the HHH‐determined residual Pb in the battery soil. For the sludge‐amended soil, residual Cd, Pb, and Zn were not statistically different by the two methods. For the battery soil, a single ARHF extraction also underestimated total Pb and Cu relative to HHH, but both methods gave statistically‐similar total Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn for the sludge‐amended soil. As the sample metal concentration increased, the ability of ARHF to solubilize HHH‐equivalent metal quantities generally decreased. Since the degree of contamination is often unknown for environmental samples, the HHH method is more reliable for assessing residual and total metals in polluted soils     

Direct and residual effects of fertilizers applied in wheat‐rice cropping system

Field experiments were made on a sandy clay loam Fluvent to determine direct effects of NPK applied to wheat and their residual effects on succeeding rice at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. A significant response of wheat was recorded only for nitrogen which when applied at 120 kg N ha^?1 or more had also significant but only little residual effects on succeeding rice. Adequate ? fertilization of both wheat and rice is necessary. Application of ? and ? had no significant on wheat or succeeding rice but NPK application produced the highest grain yield. Wheat‐rice rotation removed 286.4 to 424.4kg ha^?1 of NPK, which is much more than the rates applied. Thus for sustaining good yields from the wheat‐rice cropping system balanced NPK fertilization is recommended.     

Relaxation mechanism of residual stress inside logs by heat treatment: choosing the heating time and temperature

 Some methods to reduce residual stress inside logs have been reported, although the conditions for stress relaxation are not yet clarified. Our study using precise experiments revealed that residual stress relaxation occurs only when both heat and moisture exist inside the logs. We then determined the heating time and temperature required to relax the residual stress inside the logs. Short air-drying treatments did not relax residual stress even though free water in the logs was greatly reduced. The residual stress of the 33-h 80°C-heated bolts was relaxed, whereas that of the 48-h 70°C-heated bolts was not. As for the influence of treatment time, bolts heated at 100°C were relaxed after 18 h of treatment. The 13-h heated bolts did not show any relaxation. Therefore, residual stress relaxation occurred rapidly owing to the thermomechanical change of the individual wood components comprising the cell wall. The moisture content inside all the bolts was much higher than the fiber saturation point. This is because relaxation occurs only when the heating temperature is maintained above 80°C for a particular duration of treatment. Received: December 12, 2001 / Accepted: February 18, 2002 Present address: Institute for Structural and Engineering Materials, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences and Technology, Independent Administrative Institution, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan Tel. +81-52-736-7320; Fax +81-52-736-7419 e-mail: m.nogi@aist.go.jp Part of this report was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000 Correspondence to:M. Nogi     

Characterization of lignin-carbohydrate linkages in the residual lignins isolated from chemical pulps of spruce (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea abies</Emphasis>) and beech wood (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagus sylvatica</Emphasis>)

To investigate the linkage types between carbohydrates and lignin, residual lignins were isolated from three different unbleached pulps [kraft, alkaline sulfite anthraquinone methanol (ASAM), and soda with anthraquinone (AQ) and methanol] of spruce and beech wood and then characterized by oxidation with 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone and followed by Prehm’s methylation. In residual lignins, sugar moieties were bound to lignins via benzyl ether bonds. In particular, galactose and mannose are predominantly linked to lignin fragments in residual lignins of spruce wood, while xylose and galactose are favored in the formation of LC bonds in the residual lignins of beech wood. In the case of hexoses, primary hydroxyl groups (C6 position) preferentially take part in benzyl ether linkages. Hydroxyl groups in the C2 and C3 positions of xylose participate in LC bonds and a small portion of arabinose was notably connected to lignin via the C5 position. Approximately seven or eight sugars were connected in soda/AQ/methanol residual lignin per 100 C9 lignin units, while the frequencies of LC bonds in kraft and ASAM residual lignins were distinctively less at one to three sugars per 100 C9 lignin units. The publication of this article was made possible by an Emachu Research Fund. The authors are grateful for the fund.     

河南省林业企业全要素生产率的测定

河南省林业企业主要分布于第一产业、第二产业,利用生产函数和索洛增长速度方程法来测算科技对林业企业贡献大小。经测算,河南省林业企业2000-2004年平均全要素生产率为11.74%。科技对河南省林业企业发展贡献较低。     

油菜素内酯降低油菜毒死蜱残留的最佳浓度研究

以书香小油菜的毒死蜱残留量为调查对象,研究不同浓度的油菜素内酯降低油菜毒死蜱残留的作用,并采用气相色谱方法检测油菜中毒死蜱的含量。结果表明,油菜素内酯降低毒死蜱残留的最佳浓度是将其稀释1 000倍。     

孔雀石绿等染料物质残留检测过程中实验室污染的来源分析

为了分析孔雀石绿等残留检测过程中实验室污染的来源,本研究应用超高效液相-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定了常用实验室用品中孔雀石绿、无色孔雀石绿、结晶紫、无色结晶紫、亚甲基蓝的含量.纸样品用乙腈直接提取;笔样品采用书写痕迹后再用乙腈提取,UPLC-MS/MS定量测定.结果表明:在纸样品中,除了实验滤纸外,其它纸样品(如A4打印纸、报纸、标签纸等)均含有一定水平的目标物;笔样品中,除了铅笔2H、中性笔135012蓝、中性笔2180蓝色外,其它笔样品(如圆珠笔、记号笔、签字笔、水笔等)含有一定水平的目标物.为了降低实验室目标物污染风险,本文还对样品处理前和处理中的各个环节需要注意的问题做了较为详细的分析.本研究结果将有利于建立有效预防体系从而尽量避免样品在该类物质残留检测中的实验室本底污染和假阳性结果.     

施用农药福美胂对苹果果园砷污染的研究

 重金属元素砷是果品质量安全的重要控制对象之一。为了解苹果生产过程中砷元素的残留污染情况，为其污染控制提供依据，对连续使用福美胂农药5年的苹果园的果实、叶片、枝干、根系及土壤中的砷含量进行了调查。结果表明，果树喷施或主干涂抹福美胂均不同程度提高了树体各部位和果园土壤中的砷元素含量，其中叶片、主枝皮部、主干皮部和浅层主根（0～40 cm）中的砷含量较高，果实中砷含量也有所增加。喷施处理显著提高了叶片和主枝中的砷含量，使表层土壤（0～20 cm）砷含量也明显提高；涂抹处理显著提高了主干和主枝皮部的砷含量，果实中的砷含量也明显高于对照。涂抹处理的树体砷总累积量高于喷施处理，且地上部分砷总累积量均高于地下部分；各器官中，浅层主根是砷残留累积的主要部位。使用福美胂对苹果园的砷污染表现出持效期长、范围广的特点。     

不同刈割处理对白三叶及杂草盖度的影响

夏秋季在白三叶种子田用5cm、8cm、10cm三种留茬高度与15d、30d、45d三个间隔时间组合为9个刈割试验处理,对白三叶及杂草盖度的变化进行了研究。结果表明,刈割能有效控制杂草,提高白三叶盖度;间隔时间是促进白三叶生长、控制杂草的主效因子;留茬8cm、间隔时间30d处理的白三叶盖度由43.25%升至73.00%,杂草盖度由83.75%降至17.25%。     

一种随机载荷作用下疲劳可靠性估算的新方法

应用随机过程理论研究了疲劳过程中结构材料的剩余强度退化行为,分析了疲劳过程中两类随机性因素（内在随机涨落和外在随机涨落）在不同载荷条件下对疲劳寿命的影响。在此基础上,提出了一种随机载荷下疲劳可靠怀估算新方法。最后,以１５ＭnＶＮq钢试样的小样本疲劳寿命数据对该方法进行了验证。