残膜对番茄苗期和开花坐果期生长的影响

残膜污染已成为危害农田生态系统的重要因子,不仅阻碍土壤水分和养分运移,而且影响作物生长。为探明残膜对不同生育期番茄生长的影响规律,采用小区试验方法,设置0 kg·hm-2、80 kg·hm-2、160 kg·hm-2、320 kg·hm-2、640 kg·hm-2和1 280 kg·hm-2共6种不同残膜量水平,研究残膜量对番茄苗期和开花坐果期的根系特征、地上部生长和干物质积累的影响,并采用Logistic生长模型定量分析残膜对番茄养分积累始盛期、高峰期和盛末期的影响。结果表明,残膜阻碍了番茄苗期和开花坐果期根系的生长,根体积、根长密度和根干质量密度均随残膜量增加而降低;随着残膜量增加,苗期和开花坐果期的株高和茎粗均呈减小趋势,且株高和茎粗的增长速率逐渐降低。番茄养分积累的始盛期和高峰期随残膜量增加而提前,番茄追肥的最佳时期也应提前。在番茄苗期和开花坐果期,根系、茎秆、花和幼果的干物质量均随残膜量增加而减少,而叶片的干物质量呈递增趋势。残膜对番茄苗期根系、地上部生长和干物质积累的阻碍作用高于开花坐果期。由此可见,残膜对番茄苗期的危害强于开花坐果期,且干物质积累的始盛期和高峰期均随残膜量增加而提前,加强番茄苗期水肥管理和提前水肥施加时间是减轻残膜危害的有利措施。     

65%桑虫净EC防效及残毒试验

桑园害虫防治应在确保蚕作安全的前提下进行,短残毒农药及其混配使用在生产中常见,但相应的桑园专用农药产品较少.本试验认为65%桑虫净EC对鳞翅目害虫有较好的防效,且残毒期短,适宜在养蚕前或蚕期中使用.     

Clover cover crops under-sown in winter wheat increase yield of subsequent spring barley—Effect of N dose and companion grass

Four two-year field trials, arranged in randomised split-plots, were carried out in southern Sweden with the aim of determining whether reduced N fertiliser dose in winter wheat production with spring under-sown clover cover crops, with or without perennial ryegrass in the seed mixture, would increase the clover biomass and hence the benefits of the cover crops in terms of the effect on the wheat crop, on a subsequent barley crop and on the risk of N leaching. Four doses of nitrogen (0, 60, 120 or 180 kg N ha⁻¹) constituted the main plots and six cover crop treatments the sub-plots. The cover crop treatments were red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in pure stands and in mixtures. The winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was harvested in August and the cover crops were ploughed under in November. The risk of N leaching was assessed in November by measuring the content of mineral N in the soil profile (0–30, 30–90 cm). In the following year, the residual effects of the cover crops were investigated in spring barley (Hordeum distichon L.) without additional N. Under-sowing of cover crops did not influence wheat yield, while reduced N fertiliser dose decreased yield and increased the clover content of the cover crops. When N was applied, the mixed cover crops were as effective in depleting soil mineral nitrogen as a pure ryegrass cover crop, while pure clover was less efficient. The clover content at wheat harvest as well as the amount of N incorporated with the cover crops had a positive correlation with barley yield. Spring barley in the unfertilised treatments yielded, on average, 1.9–2.4 Mg DM ha⁻¹ more in treatments with clover cover crops than in the treatment without cover crops. However, this positive effect decreased as the N dose to the preceding wheat crop increased, particularly when the clover was mixed with grass.     

耕层残膜回收机的研究

地膜覆盖技术已成为农业生产中不可或缺的技术,极大地促进了农业发展和进步。但是农用的塑料薄膜大都是不可分解的,长时间留在土壤里,不但会对作物造成严重的危害,影响作物正常的生长和产量,还会影响机械作业的质量。要在收获庄稼后,及时地回收残膜,避免造成"白色污染"和塑料资源浪费。为此介绍了残膜回收机在国内外的发展现状以及典型的残膜回收机的结构与工作原理,并提出存在的问题和未来的发展建议。     

农药残留检测技术进展

文章介绍了近年来的环境残留农药检测的方法的进展,包括样品的预处理、净化、定性及定量检测方法。同时着重介绍了超临界流体萃取、超声波萃取样等品预处理领域中的等前沿技术。     

露地小白菜及土壤中博落回杀菌剂残留量的研究

本文采用田间实验方法,研究了植物源农药博落回杀菌剂在露地不结球白菜(俗称小白菜,Brassica rapa L.Chinensis Grou)及土壤中的残留量变化,为其在无公害农产品的生产方面提供参考。结果显示:分别以浓度750 g/hm2、1 500 g/hm2的博落回杀菌剂处理露地小白菜,其在露地小白菜中的残留降解动态变化表现为前5 d降解较快,15 d以后基本无残留;而在土壤中的残留降解动态变化则表现为前7 d降解缓慢,7 d后降解速度则大大加快,32 d以后基本无残留;其农药残留半衰期分别为1.83 d和8.37 d,且最后残留量都低于我国对植物源农药的残留最大允许限量0.500 0 mg/kg。因此,博落回在露地小白菜及土壤中属易降解、低残留、安全性较高的植物源农药,适合在农业生产方面推广使用。     

水稻季施肥对后季绿肥物质养分积累的影响

田间试验条件下,研究水稻季不同氮、磷、钾肥用量对后季绿肥物质养分积累的影响,为水稻-紫云英轮作条件下适宜化肥用量的确定提供依据。结果表明,水稻季施氮、磷、钾肥处理的绿肥鲜草产量分别较不施氮、磷、钾肥处理增加27.9% ~ 40.9%、12.6% ~ 37.2%、21.4% ~ 46.2%。水稻季不同氮肥处理比较,施氮处理的氮积累量较不施氮处理增加48.8% ~ 62.3%,氮肥（N）用量为142.4 kg/hm2时,绿肥碳、氮、钾积累量最高,氮肥用量为71.2 kg/hm2时,绿肥磷积累量最高。水稻季不同磷肥处理比较,施磷处理的绿肥磷积累量较不施磷处理增加33.0% ~ 78.3%,磷肥（P）用量为49.1 kg/hm2时绿肥的碳、氮、磷、钾积累量均最高。水稻季施钾处理的绿肥钾积累量较不施钾处理增加22.2% ~ 44.8%,水稻季钾肥（K）用量为67.5 kg/hm2和101.2 kg/hm2时,绿肥的碳、氮、磷、钾积累量较高,且两处理间相差较小。本试验条件下,水稻季氮、磷、钾用量分别为142.4、49.1、67.5（或101.2）kg/hm2时,绿肥的产量及碳、氮、磷、钾积累量最高,分别为15 833 kg/hm2和929.2、44.6、5.8、45.9 kg/hm2。     

Injection molding of vertebral fixed cage implant

A vertebral cage is a hollow medical device which is used in spine surgery. By implanting the cage into the spine column, it is possible to restore disc and relieve pressure on the nerve roots. Most cages have been made of titanium alloys but they detract the biocompatibility. Currently PEEK (polyether ether ketone) is applied to various implants because it has good properties like heat resistance, chemical resistance, strength, and especially biocompatibility. A new shape of vertebral cage is designed and injection molding of PEEK is considered for production. Before injection molding of the cage, it is needed to evaluate process conditions and properties of the final product. Variables affecting the shrinkage of the cage are considered, e.g., injection time, packing pressure, mold temperature, and melt temperature. By using the numerical simulation program, MOLDFLOW, several cases are studied. Data files obtained by MOLDFLOW analysis are used for stress analysis with ABAQUS, and shrinkage and residual stress fields are predicted. With these results, optimum process conditions are determined.     

Comparison of sulfurous acid generator and alternate amendments to improve the quality of saline-sodic water for sustainable rice yields

The prolonged irrigation with marginal quality water can cause secondary salinization of soils, which necessitates for better understanding of water management alternatives. Relative performance of sulfuric acid and gypsum is still controversial to counter sodium hazards in soil/water system. As an alternative, sulfurous acid generators (SAG) are also being marketed. But up-till-now, there is not even a single field study published in scientific journals about their efficiency and economical viability for the treatment of saline-sodic water. Therefore, a field study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of SAG and alternate amendments applied on an equivalent basis to grow rice crop. SAG treatment of saline-sodic tube well water decreased only residual sodium carbonate (RSC) from 5.4 to 3.6 mmol_c l⁻¹, and had no beneficial effect on its sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) or electrical conductivity (EC). All the treatments kept soil EC and SAR around their respective threshold levels. For paddy yield, SAG, sulfuric acid, and gypsum treatments depicted nonsignificant differences. SAG and sulfuric acid treatments of water were about six times expensive than that of gypsum. It was concluded that soil-applied gypsum, to counter sodic hazards of irrigation water, is economical to sustain irrigated rice in dry regions.     

~（15）N标记有机无机氮在莴苣设施土体系中的转化与分配

应用１５Ｎ标记硫铵及稻草，实施了两者单施、配施的盆栽试验。结果表明：施入物料的Ｃ／Ｎ、稻草用量与稻草１５Ｎ的矿化率及吸收利用率呈反相关，与残留率呈正相关；随着施入物料Ｃ／Ｎ及稻草用量的增加，硫铵１５Ｎ的固定率及残留率相应提高，而吸收率则下降。施用占土重０．３１％～０．４６％的稻草，能提高设施土壤的全氮量。