冻烤鳗抗生素残留量微生物分析法

本文叙述了农业部1997年批准的中华人民共和国冻烤鳗水产行业标准中以纸片扩散法检测烤鳗样品中抗生素残留量的原理,操作方法,最低检出量和对30份烤鳗样品的检验结果。同时探讨了制定烤鳗抗生素残留量的质量标准和检测方法的思路。     

Estimation of Nitrogen Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Dryland Agroecosystem

A field trial was carried out to study the nitrogen fertilizer recovery by four crops in succession in manurial loess soil in Yangling. The results showed that the nitrogen fertilizer not only had the significant effects on the first crop , but also had longer residual effects, even on the fourth crop. The average apparent nitrogen fertilizer recovery by the first crop was 31.7%, and the accumulative nitrogen recovery by the 4 crops was high as 62.3%, and the latter was double as the former. It is quite clear that the nitrogen fertilizer recovery by the first crop was not reliable for estimating the nitrogen fertilizer unless the residual effect of nitrogen fertilizer was included.     

Assessment of the effect of time and temperature on the availability of residual phosphate in a glasshouse study of four soils using the Olsen method

Abstract. The Olsen method is an indicator of plant-available phosphorus (P). The effect of time and temperature on residual phosphate in soils was measured using the Olsen method in a pot experiment. Four soils were investigated: two from Pakistan and one each from England (calcareous) and Colombia (acidic). Two levels of residual phosphate were developed in each soil after addition of phosphate by incubation at either 10 °C or 45 °C. The amount of phosphate added was based on the P maximum of each soil, calculated using the Langmuir equation. Ryegrass was used as the test crop. The pooled data for the four soils incubated at 10 °C showed good correlation between Olsen P and dry matter yield or P uptake ( r ²= 0.85 and 0.77, respectively), whereas at 45 °C, each soil had its own relationship and pooled data did not show correlation of Olsen P with dry matter yield or P uptake. When the data at both temperatures were pooled, Olsen P was a good indicator of yield and uptake for the English soil. For the Pakistani soils, Olsen P after 45 °C treatment was an underestimate relative to the 10 °C data and for the Colombian soil it was an overestimate. The reasons for these differences need to be explored further before high temperature incubation can be used to simulate long-term changes in the field.     

Residual nitrogen effect of clover-ryegrass swards on yield and N uptake of a subsequent winter wheat crop as studied by use of N methodology and mathematical modelling

The residual effect of 2-year-old swards of clover-ryegrass mixture and ryegrass in monoculture on yield and N uptake in a subsequent winter wheat crop was investigated by use of the ¹⁵N dilution method and by mathematical modelling. The amount of N in the wheat crop, derived from clover-ryegrass residues was 25–43% greater than that derived from residues of ryegrass which had been growing in monoculture. Expressed in absolute values, the N uptake in the subsequent winter wheat crop was 23–28 kg N ha ⁻¹ greater after clover-ryegrass mixture than after ryegrass in monoculture. Up to about 54 kg N ha⁻¹ of the N mineralised from the clover-ryegrass crop was calculated to be leached, whereas only 11 kg N ha⁻¹ was leached following ryegrass in monoculture.     

控释肥残膜对土壤性质和作物生长的影响

通过室内残膜强化试验，研究了控释肥残膜对土壤性质及作物生长（以花生为例）的影响。结果表明，土壤中残膜含量在0.008范围内，控释肥残膜可明显降低土壤的透水性，提高土壤的田间持水量和保水性，随膜含量的增加，当达到0.010时，土壤的田间持水量却明显降低，透水明显加快，土壤保水性也随之降低。另外随土壤中膜含量的增加，土壤容重降低，土壤比重变化不大，土壤孔隙度明显增加。强化试验结果进一步表明，在一定的土壤残膜含量范围内，随膜含量的增加，花生生长也呈增加趋势，其中最适宜花生生长的土壤膜含量范围为0.00426－0.00574。控释肥残膜在一定范围内对土壤和作物是有益的。     

凯氏全氮与固定态铵之间的关系

从中国各地采集了40种不同类型的土壤,以凯氏法、包括粘土矿物固定态铵的HF-凯氏法和凯氏法测定全氮后再用HF处理测定固定态铵的两步法分别测定了这些土壤全氮含量,并用Silva-Bremner法测定了其粘土矿物固定态铵含量,确定凯氏法测定的全氮是否包括固定态铵在内。结果表明,土壤全氮平均含量凯氏法测定的为1.622 gkg-1,HF-凯氏法为1.633 gkg-1,而两步法为1.656 gkg-1;两步法测定的全氮量明显高于凯氏法和HF-凯氏法。由此可见,凯氏法无法释放2∶1粘土矿物中的固定态铵,在2∶1型粘土矿物含量高的土壤上测定值也不是真正的全氮。供试土壤固定态铵含量平均为166 mgkg-1,占凯氏全氮10.1%;而用两步法测定的残余固定态铵含量平均为30.4 mgkg-1,占凯氏全氮的1.9%,固定态铵的18.3%。相关分析表明,固定态铵与残余固定态铵之间显著相关(r =0.598)。残余固定态铵高的土壤正是固定态铵含量高的土壤,而固定态铵含量高的土壤正是2∶1型粘土矿物含量高的土壤,因而凯氏法测定的全氮不能反映这些土壤全氮的真实情况。但对于2∶1型粘土矿物含量低的或无此类粘土矿物的土壤,凯氏法与其它方法的测定值无显著差异。     

采伐对落叶松人工林保留木损伤率的影响

在黑龙江省带岭林业实验局和铁力林业局落叶松人工林采伐迹地上,采用现场调查和数据分析的方法,对不同采伐强度、不同林分密度与保留木损伤率之间的关系进行了研究,结果表明:落叶松人工林在作业后,保留木损伤率不随采伐强度、林分密度的增加而增加,且伐木损伤率、集材损伤率呈现先增加后降低的相似态势。     

兔粪尿和硫酸铵在不同土壤上的肥效和~(15)N去向

兔类尿和硫酸铵交叉标记法盆栽试验结果表明:兔粪尿是含有大量有效性养分的有机肥料,增产效果相当于等氮量硫铵。水稻对兔粪尿氮利用率为31％～42％,在无机氮肥配合下利用率较高;硫酸铵作基肥的利用率为48％,作追肥的为51％～58％。生长早期,土壤供氮能力较差的水稻植株对基肥利用率高。兔粪尿氮在土壤中残留率为44％～53％,硫铵作基肥的残留率为36％左右,作追肥的为19％～26％。     

采用直接热交换法用木质气余热作沼气装置加温热源的可行性探讨

采用直接热交换法利用木质气的余热来作沼气装置的加温热源,不仅可使气化炉的有效热利用效率提高10％～15％,而且还能利用沼气装置来解决木质气洗涤水的污染问题。对木质气洗涤水中的酚及酚类物质的处理作了较为详尽的阐述。对总酚含量的测定方法,洗涤水中总酚含量与产气率的关系,总酚含量与沼气成份的关系以及总酚含量对农田灌溉水质的影响等方面也都作了阐述。通过对喷淋冷却水质的分析,沼气发酵试验以及木质气中焦油粉尘去除三个方面的试验和探索,论证了采用直接热交换法利用木质气的余热来作沼气装置的加温热源对沼气发酵过程没有什么影响。     

不同水氮措施对芹菜-白菜轮作体系中氮素利用与土壤NO_3~--N残留的影响

在宁夏引黄灌区灌淤土设置田间试验,研究不同水氮措施对芹菜-白菜轮作体系中的氮素利用与平衡的影响,结果表明:节水灌溉的W2N3(推荐施氮)处理与传统灌溉(W1N3)(推荐施氮)的处理相比,芹菜的产量、吸氮量分别高12.2%、14.7%,白菜的产量、吸氮量分别高22.4%、4.4%。在氮素平衡方面,推荐施氮处理氮素损失比传统施氮损失分别低53kghm-2(传统灌溉)、30kghm-2(节水灌溉)。节水条件下推荐施氮处理的土壤剖面上的无机氮残留浓度,减少量分别达到3～13kghm-2。节水灌溉下与传统灌溉相比,节水灌溉的土壤残留硝态氮的含量均比传统灌溉低,而且主要分布在0～60cm表层,推荐施氮量的土壤残留硝态氮的含量又比习惯施氮量低。