轴类切削件时效处理后变形量数学建模的研究

对简单几何形体——轴类切削件残余应力产生的原因进行了分析，建立了轴类零件表面残余应力经过时效处理后的尺寸变形量数学模型；并由算例计算出表面残余应力实际引起的变形量，指出该值在机器误差中的影响不容忽视。对于轴类件，由残余应力引起的变形量同残余应力的分布函数状况有关，而同零件尺寸无关。     

The Effect of Improved Management on the Yield and Nitrogen Content of Legume Hay/Barley Crop Rotations in West Asia

In the light of growing governmental support in west Asia and north Africa for policies which either discourage cereal monoculture or encourage fallow replacement by farmers, two experiments were conducted in northern Syria. These were designed to evaluate and quantify the effect of agronomic interventions on the productivity and nitrogen content of legume hays, and the subsequent residual effects of these interventions on the yield and nitrogen content of a following barley crop. Quantitative estimates of the residual effects of legume hays, when grown under rainfed conditions, on the N uptake of barley are rarely available for the region at large.
The major management effects on the productivity of legume hays were the addition of phosphate fertilizer and a reduction in row spacing. Positive residual effects on the yields of following barley crops were shown to be small but not insignificant. They could be considered to be important influences in the sustained production of barley in legume hay-barley crop rotations.
It is suggested that the results give further positive evidence that farmers in west Asia will not resist the introduction of improved crop rotations including legumes in place of their current fallow-barley or continuous barley crop sequences.     

绍兴鸭剩余采食量与部分生产性能及蛋品质的相关性分析

本实验旨在探讨绍兴鸭剩余采食量(RFI)与生产性能及蛋品质之间的关系。测定300只绍兴鸭410~470日龄的采食量、体重、平均蛋重、蛋品质,计算出剩余采食量与料蛋比,并分析剩余采食量与生产性能及蛋品质的相关性。结果显示:绍兴鸭平均采食量、平均蛋重、体重、体增重、料蛋比、剩余采食量分别为198.8 g/d、73.0 g、1500.9 g、2.5 g/d、2.7、3.5 g/d;低剩余采食量组的剩余采食量、采食量以及料蛋比极显著低于高剩余采食量组;相关性分析表明,剩余采食量与采食量和料蛋比呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);采食量与平均蛋重、体重呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与料蛋比呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与体增重呈显著正相关性(P<0.05);蛋品质分析结果表明,高剩余采食量组仅蛋黄色泽水平显著高于低剩余采食量组;相关性分析表明,剩余采食量与蛋品质各指标间均无显著相关性。本试验结果表明,以剩余采食量为蛋鸭选育指标是可行的,且选育低剩余采食量的鸭子能显著降低采食量,提高饲料效率,且不改变产蛋重及蛋品质。     

Observations on soil and groundwater contamination with nitrate: A case study from Lebanon-East Mediterranean

The impact of agricultural practices on soil-groundwater quality in the sub-humid Bekaa plain of Lebanon-East Mediterranean was monitored in four fields (F) between July 2007 and July 2009. These were occupied by continuous mint (F1), summer potato/wheat/potato (F2), lettuce/lettuce/potato/wheat/summer potato (F3) and table grapes (F4). N input calculated on a two-year basis, was in the following ascending order F4, F2, F3 and F1. Soil samples, analyzed down to 200 cm depth, showed high nitrate and chloride concentrations at the end of the 2007 and 2008 seasons. Soil chloride and nitrate peaks recorded in October 2007 and 2008 disappeared below 200 cm overwinter. The calculated N biannual discharge ranged from 130 (F4), to 516 (F2), to 778 (F1), to 879 kg ha⁻¹ (F3). Groundwater quality was studied in 21 wells distributed along a sequence stretching from the Litani River to the eastern water dividing line. Based on the nitrate concentrations, the well located at the top of the water dividing line was the only one suitable for drinking purposes. Eight wells were mildly contaminated, therefore suitable for irrigation purposes except for sensitive crops. Twelve wells, positioned in the plain, showed a nitrate level exceeding 200 mg L⁻¹. Protecting the soil and groundwater quality is a top priority to maintain the ecological and agricultural functions of water.     

除草剂解毒剂对玉米绿磺隆残留药害的解毒效果初报

采用室内盆栽和小区试验等生物测定方法,通过对玉米株高、株鲜重、单株产量、果实中支链氨基酸等指标的测定,研究了除草剂解毒剂3-二氯乙酰基-2,5-二甲基-2-乙基-1,3-唑烷减轻除草剂绿磺隆对玉米等后茬敏感作物伤害的生物活性。实验结果表明:上一年使用过绿磺隆的地块,下一年播种玉米时,可以通过3-二氯乙酰基-2,5-二甲基-2-乙基-1,3-唑烷的浸种、拌种、混喷、叶喷来减轻药害,其中混喷方法效果最好,为对照的99.41%,浸种方法仅次于混喷,为对照的95.65%。应用除草剂解毒剂使绿磺隆的残留量小于5μg/kg时,后茬可以种植玉米。     

Nitrogen Availability for Maize from a Rolling Pampa Soil After Addition of Biosolids

Abstract

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the influence of different rates of biosolids on the soil nitrogen (N) availability for maize and its residuality. A field experiment was developed in a typic Argiudol located in the NE of the Buenos Aires Province. Maize was sown for two consecutive years 1997–1999. Biosolids from a sewage treatment plant of Buenos Aires outskirts were superficially applied to the soil and incorporated by plowing. There were eight treatments: Check; 8, 16, and 24 Mg of dry biosolid ha^?1; 8 and 16 Mg of dry biosolid ha^?1 applied one year before, 100 and 150 kg N ha^?1 of calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN). The sampling and determinations were done during the second maize cycle. At presowing (PS), sowing (S), 6 expanded leaves (V6), 12 expanded leaves (V12), and Flowering (Fl) composite soil samples from 0–40 cm depth were obtained to determine ammonium and nitrate contents. At Fl maize plants were sampled in order to determine total biomass and N content. The N‐nitrate content in the soil was significantly increased by the biosolids application (p < 0.05), and varied for each increment depending on the biosolids rates and the phenological stage. After 30 days from the incorporation the increases of 1.19, 1.34, and 2.05% were observed for N‐nitrates for 8, 16, and 24 Mg ha^?1, respectively. The contribution of mineral N from the biosolids was 2.48, 6.46, and 5.01 kg N Mg^?1 when the rates were incremented from 0–8, 8–16, and 16–24 Mg ha^?1, respectively. The nitrogen mineralization followed a release pattern with a maximum value of 296 kg N‐nitrate ha^?1 at sowing for 24 Mg ha^?1. Since then, the release of mineral nitrogen decreased significantly till Fl. The N‐nitrates values variation with the temperature adjusted to polinomic functions. The mineral N released from the biosolids increased as a response to the increment of soil temperature and then decreased due to the maize nitrogen absorption and the potentially mineralized nitrogen exhaustion. The application of 150 kg N ha^?1 as CAN incremented significantly the soil N‐nitrate content and equalized 16 and 24 Mg of dry biosolids ha^?1 at V6. But, no synchronism between the high nitrate releasing from biosolids and the increment in the nitrogen absorption by maize was observed. This fact generates a surplus of nitrate that incremented the potential of nitrogen loss by lixiviation. We observed a residual effect from the biosolids that were applied the previous year. This contribution represented the 35% of the maize requirements and was similar to the nitrate content observed in Bio 16. The biosolids might be a valuable source of nitrogen for maize crop if the synchronism between the soil supply and maize demand is observed in order to avoid nitrates surplus.     

镁氯硼元素互作及后效对烤烟生长的影响

通过连续2年的盆栽试验,研究了镁(Mg)、氯(Cl)和硼(B)单施、互作及施肥后效对烤烟(云烟87)农艺性状和经济性状的影响.结果表明,单施B显著增加烤烟的产值,且效果能维持到第2年;单施Mg也有积极的效果;单施Cl对烤烟经济产值无显著影响,是否施Cl要依据土壤中C1含量和元素互作等因素而定.Mg与C1按1∶1.51配施对烤烟生长有促进作用,特别在施肥当季作用明显,显著增大中部叶片的长×宽,提高了烤烟产值;Mg与B按1∶0.08配施后效促进了烤烟生长,显著提高了烤烟产值.相比之下,Cl与B按1∶0.05配合施用在施肥当季对烤烟生长有抑制作用,但后效显著增大了上部叶片长×宽,有所提高产值,对烤烟生长表现出一定的促进作用.Mg、Cl与B为按1∶1.51∶0.08结合施用在施肥当季较C1与B配施及CK表现出一定的促进作用.总之,合理的烤烟施肥措施应考虑营养元素的类型、配施比例、互作及后效.     

新疆棉田残膜残留量及相关特性的测定试验研究

目前地膜成为农业生产的必备资源,田间残留大量的地膜,破坏了生态环境、阻碍了农业快速发展,成为亟需解决的难题.现阶段残膜回收的技术不成熟、残膜回收设备存在的问题较多,研究残膜在棉田土壤中的分布情况及相关特性对残膜回收机具的设计至关重要.以新疆昌吉市大西渠镇和阿克苏6团作为研究对象,分别测定两地区棉田中残膜的分布情况、拉伸特性、残留量以及悬浮特性,为捡膜机理的研究与新型残膜回收机的设计提供理论基础和依据.     

地膜覆盖残留的危害及防治对策研究

地膜覆盖技术在农业生产上的大量推广使用,在促进农业增产、农民增收的同时,由于农田里的地膜残留积累增多,也严重污染了土壤,影响了农业经济效益的进一步提高.在系统分析地膜的作用机理、应用现状及残留危害的基础上,针对我国的实际情况,提出了农田地膜残留污染的防治对策.     

苹果种植技术进步贡献率的测算与分析

技术进步贡献率是衡量技术进步对产业增长贡献份额的综合指标.选取1991-2009年苹果产量、物质、劳动、土地等投入产出数据,运用C-D生产函数和索罗余值方程,对我国苹果种植环节的技术进步贡献率进行测算与分析.结果表明,1995-2009年间,我国苹果种植环节技术进步率对苹果产出增长的平均贡献率为97.75％,土地投入增长率的平均贡献率为17.18％,而物质和劳动投入增长对产出增长的贡献率为负值.技术进步已成为促进苹果种植产出增长的首要因素,我国苹果种植正在由以传统要素密集投入为特征的外延式发展模式向以技术进步为特征的内涵式发展模式转变.