溴虫腈在桑叶中的残留毒性与降解动态检测

为了保证桑园喷施杀虫剂溴虫腈后的养蚕用叶安全,采用食下毒叶法测定了溴虫腈对家蚕的残留毒性,用气相色谱法检测了喷药后不同时间桑叶中的药剂残留动态变化。结果表明:桑园内分别喷施250、200、150、100、50mg/L溴虫腈,检测到药剂在桑叶的残留毒性期分别为>5 d、>5 d、3 d、1 d和0 d;200 mg/L溴虫腈在桑叶中的降解动态方程为C=95.335e-0.159 9t(R2=0.906 8),半衰期为4.33 d,此检测方法的最低检出药剂残留质量比为3.97×10-4mg/kg;桑树盛产期喷洒100 mg/L溴虫腈后2 h、1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、14 d、21 d和28 d,药剂在桑叶中的残留量分别为40.969、39.814、20.226、18.726、9.975、5.522、2.774和0.026 mg/kg;200 mg/L和100 mg/L溴虫腈2次喷施处理桑叶21 d后的最终残留量分别为12.958、4.242 mg/kg。10%溴虫腈悬浮剂用于桑树害虫或害螨防治的建议使用浓度为100 mg/L,采叶安全间隔期为施药后5 d。     

阿维菌素残留溶剂气相色谱检测方法的建立

采用6%氰丙基苯基-94%二甲基聚硅氧烷为固定相的毛细管柱,进样口温度220℃,检测器温度250℃,载气:氮气,流速5 m L/min,进样量0.2μL,分流比:10∶1,程序升温:初始温度为50℃,保持5 min,以每分钟15℃的速率升温至80℃,再以每分钟26.7℃的速率升温至240℃。在该色谱条件下,甲醇与内标异丙醇及溶剂间二甲苯分离度良好,检出限为6μg/m L,重复性RSD为3.0%,添加回收率为90.8%。不同色谱柱、柱温、流速、不同进样口温度、不同检测器温度耐用性良好。结果表明该方法可用于阿维菌素残留溶剂的定量检测。     

磷肥和有机肥的产量效应与土壤积累磷的环境风险评价

 【目的】研究大量施用磷肥和有机肥对大白菜产量、土壤各形态磷积累量、土壤磷的吸附饱和度、土壤灌溉水中可溶性磷及土壤磷渗漏的影响。【方法】采用磷肥和有机肥田间定位试验的作物产量效应和土壤积累磷的环境风险相结合的方法。【结果】施用P2O5 360 kg•ha-1和有机肥150 t•ha-1显著增加大白菜的产量，过量施用磷肥和有机肥大白菜产量无显著变化；随着磷肥和有机肥用量的增加, 0～20 cm土层Olsen-P、CaCl2-P、NaOH-P、土壤灌溉滞留水中可溶性磷均显著增加，随着磷肥和有机肥用量的增加，土壤磷的吸附饱和度（DPS）增加，在施用磷肥基础上增施有机肥，土壤最大吸磷量（Qm）明显降低；20～40 cm土层Olsen-P与CaCl2-P显著增加。【结论】过量施用磷肥和有机肥白菜产量无显著变化；随磷肥和有机肥用量的增加，土壤Olsen-P、水溶性磷、生物有效磷、土壤磷的吸附饱和度及土壤灌溉滞留水中可溶性磷含量均显著增加，从而明显增加了土壤积累磷的潜在风险。     

麦-稻轮作系统有机无机肥料配施协同氮素转化的机制研究Ⅱ.小麦季残留~(15)N对水稻的有效性分析

以15氮(N)标记的硫酸铵和兔粪作为无机肥和有机肥氮源,采用土培试验,研究了小麦-水稻轮作(W-R)系统小麦季残留的氮素对下茬水稻(O.sativaL.cv.Wuyujing7)生长的影响。结果表明:1)小麦季残留的氮素对水稻生长具有显著影响,有机无机肥料配施(IOF)处理的水稻籽粒产量均高于单一无机氮肥施用(IF)处理,黏壤土和黏土上分别高49.3%和14.9%;2)与IF处理相比较,IOF处理的矿质氮含量在水稻季均保持较高水平,且IOF处理显著增加了黏壤土上穗期和黏土上分蘖期、拔节期、穗期土壤矿质氮中来自于有机肥料15N和无机肥料15N的比例。IOF处理还显著增加了水稻分蘖期、拔节期、穗期土壤微生物量氮(MBN)中来自于无机肥料15N的比例;3)与IF处理相比较,IOF处理有机肥料氮促进了小麦季残留无机肥料15N在水稻生殖器官籽粒的分配比例,黏壤土和黏土上分别增加60%和52.6%,降低了其在叶片等营养器官的分配比例,降幅均在30%以上;与单一有机氮肥(OF)处理相比较,IOF处理无机肥料氮降低了残留有机肥料15N在水稻生殖器官籽粒的分配比例,黏壤土和黏土上降幅分别为20%和22.7%,增加了其在根系的分配比例,黏壤土和黏土增幅分别为90%和240%;4)与IF或OF处理相比较,IOF处理有机肥料氮促进了无机肥料15N在土壤的残留,而无机肥料氮增加了有机肥料15N在植株和土壤的回收率。有机肥料氮和无机肥料氮的协同降低了双方在水稻季向环境的损失,黏壤土和黏土上无机肥料15N损失率(NLR)分别降低17%和16%,而有机肥料15N的NLR分别降低15%和56%。IOF通过提高有机、无机肥料氮在土壤-作物系统的回收减少了肥料氮在W-R轮作系统的损失。     

Residual tree damage along skidding trails in beech stands in Greece

We studied the damage caused to unfelled trees during skidding operations in four beech stands of northern and central Greece that were managed under differing harvesting systems.After timber was harvested we recorded and analyzed all damage to a width of 2 m along both sides of the skid trails.The percentage of damaged residual trees was 17–28 %.Higher numbers of saplings were uprooted or destroyed in parts of the stands with high natural regeneration.Most damaged trees suffered 1.33–1.90 wounds that were inflicted up to a height of 1 m above ground level.At all sites mean wound sizes were large,89–1190 cm2,and caused elevated risk of future fungal infection.The damage caused by skidding during timber harvesting can be minimized by better planning the harvest operations,and training forest workers in reduced impact logging.     

Comparative affects of blending,intera/inter-seasonal cyclic uses of alkali and good quality waters on soil properties and yields of paddy and wheat

Degradation of soils irrigated with the ground waters having residual alkalinity constitutes a major threat to irrigated agriculture in semi-arid parts especially the South Asia. Paddy–wheat has come to stay as the major crop rotation in the afflicted areas, which is either irrigated solely with alkali waters (AW) or combined with good quality water supplies through canal networks. Therefore, to develop appropriate conjunctive use strategies for the latter situations, response of paddy and wheat was evaluated to the combined use of a good quality water (GW, EC_iw 0.5, RSC nil) and that having residual alkalinity (AW, EC_w 2.3 dS m⁻¹, RSC 11.3 mequiv L⁻¹, SAR_w 15 mmol L^0.5) for 6 years (1997–2003) in lysimeters (2.0 m deep, 0.9 m i.d., with drainage outlets at the bottom) filled in with a sandy loam soil (pH 7.8, ESP 5.3). Increase in soil pH (8.71), salinity (3.8 dS m⁻¹) and sodicity (ESP 27.3) as a consequence of irrigation with alkali water markedly affected the yields of both the crops. The sustainability yield index (SYI) was 0.522 and 0.793 for paddy and wheat, respectively, indicating the sensitivity of the former to the use of alkali water. Keeping the AW input to be similar through irrigations, the SYI for paddy with blending of GW and AW in the ratio of 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 was 0.732, 0.708 and 0.678, respectively, when compared with 0.751, 0.729 and 0.701 under intera-seasonal cyclic uses. Similarly, the SYI of wheat ranged between 0.821–0.907 and 0.853–0.949 with blending and cyclic uses of the two waters, indicating thereby a yield advantage with the latter. When the two waters were rotated inter-seasonally, the dilution effects of monsoon rains helped to induce greater use of AW for paddy. The overall deterioration in soil properties under different modes was related to proportion of AW applied. It was concluded that the alternating good quality and alkali waters could be a better way to alleviate sodicity problems caused with the use of alkali water alone.     

泡沫酸脱绒棉种贮存试验研究

经泡沫酸脱绒的棉种表面会残留一定量的硫酸,残酸率的高低和贮存时间的长短对棉种活力(发芽率、出苗率)产生不同程度的影响。研究结果表明:种子表面的残酸率越高,贮存时间越长,对种子活力的影响越大。反之,则越小。残酸率在0.120％以下时种子活力基本上不受贮存时间影响。残酸率为0.204％和0.300％时,种子分别贮存6个月和5个月,种子活力无显著影响。另一方面,在安全贮存期内,残酸率的高低对棉种活力无显著影响。因此在脱绒棉种检验工作中,如种子贮存期不长,建议只控制种子发芽率即可。     

稻麦轮作条件下化肥氮素对土壤氮的替换作用

采用盆栽实验，第1季水稻生长期内施入^15N标记硫酸铵，在以后的各季作物生长期内使用非标记硫酸铵，连续5季实施稻麦轮作，在每一季结束后采样测定^15N标记硫酸铵的去向，并利用土壤中^15N残留量数据计算了不同施肥强度下土壤氮被替换的速率，以此反映人们对土壤氮素干预的程度。计算结果是：假设肥料氮一旦进入土壤就看成是土壤氮，那么肥料氮替换50％的土壤氮因施肥量不同需要7～60a（14～121季）；如果将作物成熟以后残留于土壤的肥料氮看成是土壤氮，那么替换20％的土壤氮因施肥量不同需要3～7a（5～15季），替换30％的土壤氮需要无限长时间。     

Comparison of two chemical methods for extracting residual N fertilizer

Summary Considerable effort has been spent in developing chemical indices to predict N mineralization. However, in spite of numerous studies, the relationship between the index value and plant N uptake has not been as apparent as hoped, and therefore, additional work is required to evaluate the ability of promising new indices to predict the extraction of mineralizable N from soil. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of phosphate borate and hot KCl to extract immobilized ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer, applied 1 and 2 years previously. Soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected on 12 June 1989 from field soil fertilized in either 1987 or 1988 with ¹⁵N-labeled urea. In the laboratory, net N mineralization over 51 days and the amount of N extracted by the phosphate borate and hot KCl methods were determined. In the field, the amount of residual fertilizer and soil plus fixed N in soybeans (Glycine max) at the V5 growth stage were determined on 12 June 1989. The extractability ratio (ER^*) and the mineralizable extractability ratio (MER) were higher for mineralizable N and phosphate borate N for fertilizer applied in 1988 than 1987, while ER^* and MER values for the hot KCl were similar for both application dates. These results suggest that compositional changes occurred which influenced the extractability and mineralization of residual fertilizer applied 1 and 2 years previously, and that the phosphate borate was able to predict these changes while the hot KCl method was not.     

激光冲击钛合金表面退火后的残余应力分布

选用钛合金Ti-6Al-4V进行激光冲击成形实验，发现其表面产生很大的残余拉应力和残余压应力。对不同后处理工艺条件下表面的残余应力进行了研究，结果发现：钛合金成形凹面具有良好的力学性能稳定性，其表面残余压应力不会随着退火温度的提高而降低；而其成形凸面的残余拉应力随着退火温度的提高逐渐消退，在371℃退火后，钛合金凸面上82．67％的残余拉应力消除，剩余残余拉应力仅为20．6MPa。经过高温退火后的钛合金具有良好的抗疲劳性能，可以满足飞机结构件的使用要求。