Influence of amount and frequency of protein supplementation to steers consuming low-quality,cool-season forage: intake,nutrient digestibility,and ruminal fermentation

This experiment evaluated the influence of protein supplementation frequency (SF) and amount offered on intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation by rumen-fistulated beef steers consuming low-quality [2.9% crude protein (CP); dry matter (DM) basis], cool-season forage. Seven Angus × Hereford steers (300 ± 27 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulas were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 treatments in an incomplete 7 × 4 Latin square. Treatments, in a 2 × 3 factorial design plus a non-supplemented control (CON), consisted of 2 levels of supplemental soybean meal, 100% (F) or 50% (H) of the estimated rumen-degradable protein requirement, provided daily (D), once every 5 d (5D), or once every 10 d (10D). Experimental periods were 30 d and dry matter intake (DMI) was measured from days 19 to 28. On days 21 (all supplements provided) and 30 (only daily supplements provided; day immediately prior to supplementation for 5D and 10D treatments) ruminal fluid was collected for ruminal pH, ammonia-N (NH₃), volatile fatty acids (VFA), and determination of ruminal fermentation variables. Forage and total DM, organic matter (OM), and nitrogen (N) intake increased with supplementation (P ≤ 0.04). However, a linear effect of SF × amount of supplement interaction was observed for forage and total DM, OM, and N intake (P ≤ 0.04), with each variable decreasing as SF decreased, but the decrease being greater with F vs. H. Apparent total tract DM, OM, and neutral detergent fiber digestibility was not affected by supplementation or amount of supplement provided (P ≥ 0.10). In contrast, N digestibility increased with supplementation and for F vs. H (P < 0.01). Digestibility of DM, OM, and N increased linearly as SF decreased (P ≤ 0.03). When all supplements were provided, ruminal NH₃, total VFA, and molar proportions of all individual VFA increased with supplementation (P ≤ 0.04), whereas acetate:propionate ratio decreased (P < 0.01). When only daily supplements were provided, none of the aforementioned fermentation parameters were affected (P ≥ 0.09). In summary, reducing the amount of supplemental CP provided to ruminants consuming low-quality forages, when supplementation intervals are >5 d, can be a management tool to maintain acceptable levels of DMI, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation while reducing supplementation cost.     

混菌发酵生产富肽蛋白饲料工艺条件的研究

利用枯草芽胞杆菌和产朊假丝酵母菌混合发酵生产富肽蛋白饲料,通过单因素和响应面分析试验对其工艺条件进行了研究,选择接菌比例(枯草芽胞杆菌:产朊假丝酵母)为3:1,发酵36h。最佳发酵条件为:发酵温度33℃,装料量40g,原料初始含水率为62%,拌料水的pH值为自来水的自然pH值。在此条件下测得三氯乙酸可溶性氮(TCA-NSI)含量达到33.61%。     

发酵豆粕对仔猪早期断奶应激及增重效果的影响

仔猪早期断奶是提高母猪繁殖利用率的重要措施,但早期断奶应激容易导致仔猪断奶后食欲下降,消化机能紊乱,腹泻等“仔猪早期断奶综合症”.发酵豆粕因富含植物小肽,易于动物的消化吸收等多种优点,适用于幼龄、病弱、应激等特殊生理状况下的仔猪.本试验选用市场上常用的一种同类产品与一种新开发的发酵豆粕在断奶仔猪上进行饲喂对比.结果表明:这种新开发的产品对缓解仔猪早期断奶应激引起的胃肠机能紊乱明显优于对照产品,其稀便发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.01);平均日增重、料肉比高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05).     

The Effect of Levels of α-Galactosidase Enzyme on Performance of Broilers Fed Diets Based on Corn and Soybean Meal

A study was conducted with male chicks of a commercial broiler strain to evaluate the effects of different dosage levels of a commercial α-galactosidase enzyme. Diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal to meet the nutrient standards of top poultry companies. The positive control diet was formulated with no adjustment in the ME content of the soybean meal associated with enzyme supplementation. The negative control diet was formulated assuming a 10% improvement in the ME of the soybean meal. The negative control diet was supplemented with 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, or 6.0 g of enzyme per kilogram of soybean meal to provide for 0, 45, 90, 135, or 180 galactosidase units (GALU)/kg of soybean meal. Each of the test diets was fed in mash form to 8 replicate pens of 30 birds. Body weight, feed efficiency, mortality, and calorie conversion were determined at 14, 35, and 42 d of age. Body weight, feed efficiency, and mortality were not significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary treatment. Birds fed the negative control with no enzyme supplement were numerically reduced in body weight or feed efficiency as compared with the control diet; however, addition of the enzyme was without benefit. When unadjusted energy values were analyzed, birds fed the negative control diet were more efficient in calorie conversion, but this finding was unrelated to enzyme addition, suggesting that diet composition was responsible for the differences in calorie utilization. When adjusted energy values were compared, birds fed the negative control tended to have higher (less efficient) calorie conversion than those fed the positive control with little or no indication of improvement from the addition of the α-galactosidase enzyme. Results of this study show no benefit from the addition of the enzyme used in this trial.     

Dietary replacement of fish meal by defatted and fermented soybean meals with taurine supplementation for pompano fish: effects on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,and biological parameters in a long-term feeding period

A 16-wk growth trial was conducted to examine the effects of dietary replacement of fish meal by defatted soybean meal (SBM) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM) with taurine supplementation on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) and biological parameters of pompano fish. The FSBM was produced by fermenting SBM with Lactobacillus spp. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace 35% or 50% of fish meal by SBM or FSBM with taurine supplementation. The diets are denoted as follows: FM, SBM35, SBM35T, FSBM35T, SBM50, SBM50T, and FSBM50T. The FM (the basal diet) contained fish meal as a main source of dietary protein. Taurine was supplemented to SBM35T, FSBM35T, SBM50T, and FSBM50T at the level of 15 g/kg diet. Pompano juveniles with an initial body weight (BW) of 80 g reared in floating net cages were fed the experimental diets twice daily for 16 wk. Results showed that the final BW, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of fish fed SBM35 and SBM50 were significantly lower than those of fish fed FM (P < 0.05), indicating that the replacement of fish meal by SBM at the rate of 35% in the diet is excessive for pompano. Supplementation of taurine to the SBM-included diets significantly increased growth performance and feed utilization (P < 0.05); however, these diets did not restore the performance back to a level equivalent to that of fish offered the basal diet. Meanwhile, fish fed FSBM35T had comparable growth and feed performances to those fed FM. Hematocrit values, total biliary bile acid levels, whole body lipid contents, and tissue taurine concentrations of fish fed SBM35 and SBM50 were the lowest among the treatments, but these parameters were improved by taurine supplementation and FSBM inclusion in the diet. Taurine supplementation increased lipid ADC, and SBM fermentation slightly enhanced both lipid and protein ADCs of the fish. These findings suggest that the combination of FSBM and taurine supplementation is an effective way to improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and biological parameters, and that FSBM with taurine supplementation can replace 35% of fish meal in pompano diets without any negative effects on growth and feed performances in a long-term feeding period.     

饲料中添加发酵豆粕对仔猪生长性能的影响

试验选择母猪胎次、初生体重相近的杜长大三元杂交哺乳仔猪24窝,随机分为对照组,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,每组八窝。对照组饲喂常规乳猪料,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别饲喂添加10%、20%发酵豆粕的乳猪料,研究发酵豆粕对仔猪生长性能的影响。结果表明试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组仔猪平均日增重、平均日采食量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而料肉比、腹泻率显著低于对照组(P<0.05);试验组Ⅱ平均日增重、平均日采食量高于试验组Ⅰ,料肉比、腹泻率低于试验组Ⅰ,但二者之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对大黄鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分、血清生化指标及肝脏组织形态的影响

本试验旨在研究发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)幼鱼生长性能、体成分、血清生化指标及肝脏组织形态的影响,探索发酵豆粕替代大黄鱼幼鱼饲料中鱼粉的适宜比例。以鱼粉、小麦蛋白粉为主要蛋白质源,鱼油、大豆油和大豆卵磷脂为主要脂肪源,配制含40%鱼粉的基础饲料。以发酵豆粕替代基础饲料中0(R0组,作为对照组)、15%(R15组)、30%(R30组)、45%(R45组)、60%(R60组)、75%(R75组)的鱼粉,并在除对照组饲料外的各饲料中添加适量晶体氨基酸(赖氨酸和蛋氨酸),配制6种等氮(蛋白质水平为45%)等脂(脂肪水平为10%)的试验饲料。养殖试验在海水网箱(1.5 m×1.5 m×2.0 m)中进行,每种试验饲料投喂3个网箱,每个网箱放养60尾初始体重为(10.49±0.03)g大黄鱼幼鱼,养殖时间持续56 d。结果表明:各组大黄鱼幼鱼的存活率无显著差异(P0.05),但随着发酵豆粕替代鱼粉比例的升高有下降趋势;与R0组相比,R15、R30、R45组的特定生长率(SGR)、增重率(WGR)、饲料系数(FCR)无显著变化(P0.05),进一步提高鱼粉替代比例(R60、R75组),SGR、WGR显著降低(P0.05),FCR显著升高(P0.05);各组全鱼粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、水分含量无显著差异(P0.05),随着发酵豆粕替代鱼粉比例的升高,全鱼粗灰分含量有上升的趋势;各组血清生化指标没有显著差异(P0.05),但随着发酵豆粕替代鱼粉比例的升高,血清中总胆固醇含量有下降趋势,谷丙转氨酶活力有升高趋势;通过肝脏组织学观察发现,发酵豆粕替代鱼粉比例超过30%后会造成肝脏细胞的损伤,替代比例越高损伤越严重。综合各项测定指标,本研究认为:发酵豆粕替代饲料(含40%鱼粉)中30%的鱼粉较为适宜,过高的替代比例会造成大黄鱼幼鱼肝脏组织病变,导致生长速度、存活率下降。     

豆粕酶解发酵物对仔猪生长性能、血清指标及肠道菌群结构的影响

本试验旨在研究豆粕酶解发酵物对仔猪生长性能、血清指标及肠道菌群结构的影响。选用144头49日龄健康的杜×长×大三元杂交育肥仔猪,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复8头猪(公母各占1/2)。阴性对照组饲喂无抗生素添加的基础饲粮,抗生素对照组饲喂基础饲粮+60 g/t吉他霉素,试验组饲喂试验饲粮(基础饲粮中10%豆粕被豆粕酶解发酵物替代)。试验期为42 d。结果表明:1)试验组仔猪的末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量分别比阴性对照组高5.06%、10.07%、5.03%(P0.05),腹泻率比阴性对照组低39.59%(P0.05),与抗生素对照组相比各指标差异均不显著(P0.05)。2)试验组仔猪血清碱性磷酸酶和谷丙转氨酶活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著高于阴性对照组(P0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于阴性对照组(P0.05);试验组和抗生素对照组仔猪血清指标差异不显著(P0.05)。3)试验组仔猪盲肠、大肠中乳酸杆菌数量显著高于阴性对照组和抗生素对照组(P0.05),十二指肠中总细菌数显著低于阴性对照组和抗生素对照组(P0.05)。综上,豆粕酶解发酵物能提高仔猪生长性能,增强机体抗氧化能力,利于乳酸杆菌在肠道内形成优势菌群,降低腹泻率,生长性能达到使用抗生素水平。     

不同浓度大豆卵磷脂替代蛋黄对东佛里生奶绵羊精液冷冻保存效果的影响

本试验皆在研究添加不同浓度大豆卵磷脂（SL）冷冻保存东佛里生奶绵羊精液的效果。我们在Tris基础稀释液中,添加18%蛋黄为对照组,添加0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%SL设为试验组,检测冷冻精液解冻后的精子活率和顶体完整率。结果显示,添加0.5%、2.5% SL冷冻稀释液稀释的精液,解冻后精子活率和顶体完整率与其他组之间存在显著差异（P<0.05）;添加18%蛋黄和1%～2% SL冷冻稀释液稀释的精液,冷冻解冻后精子活率和顶体完整率之间无显著差异（P>0.05）;添加18%蛋黄和1.0%～1.5% SL冷冻稀释液稀释后的精液,进行人工授精后母羊的妊娠率与对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）。因此,大豆卵磷脂可以作为冷冻保护剂用于东佛里生奶绵羊精液的冷冻保存,其最佳添加浓度为1～2%（g／L）。     

Nutritive Value of Four Soybean Products in Diets for Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar,L.)

Abstract

Four processed soybean products were evaluated as protein sources for Atlantic salmon: solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM44), dehulled and solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM50), dehulled full-fat soybean meal (FFSBM) and soybean concentrate (SBC). The soybean products replaced high-quality fish meal at levels corresponding to 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56% soybean protein of total protein.

Dietary inclusion of SBC, at the expense of fish meal, did not affect weight gain, carcass lipids, fecal excretion of nutrients or fecal dry matter content significantly. The nutritive value of the SBC protein appeared comparable to that of the fish meal. The three other soybean products impaired performance increasingly with increasing levels of inclusion, indicating lower nutritive value than for the fish meal. The favourable results seen with SBC indicated a great potential of soybean to become an important protein source for Atlantic salmon through improved processing.